PHILIPPINE LITERATURE AUTHORS

DURING THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION

° Cecilio Apóstol was a
Filipino poet and poet
laureate. His poems were
once used to teach the
Spanish language under the
Republic Act No. 1881. He
was born in Santa Cruz,
Manila and studied at the
Ateneo de Manila where he
finished his Bachelor of
Arts, before studying law at
the University of Santo
Tomas. Wikipedia
° Born: November 22, 1877,
Santa Cruz, Manila
° Died: September 8, 1938,
Caloocan
° Education: University of
Santo Tomas (UST), Ateneo
de Manila University
 During the early years of American occupation he worked as a journalist for the revolutionary newspapers
Independence, The Brotherhood, The Union, Renaissance and Democracy

 His pseudonym on his work at the La Independencia, under Antonio Luna, was Catulo

 He later joined the Nacionalista Party which wanted the independence of the Philippines from the United
States.
 ARTS AND LITERATURE

 He composed the poem Al Heroe Nacional (To the National Hero) which is dedicated to José Rizal.
° Marcelino Pecson
Crisólogo, also known
as Mena Crisólogo, was
a Filipino politician,
poet, writer and
playwright. He was
known for being one of
the representatives for
Ilocos Sur in the
Malolos Congress and
being of one of the
signatories of the
Malolos Constitution.

° Born: November 11,

1844, Vigan City
° Died: July 5, 1927
 Being one of the most respected Ilocanos, one of the streets of Vigan City was named after him. The
heart of Vigan City, a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the half-kilometer Calle Crisologo or
Mena Crisologo Street

 He continued writing comedies and zarzuelas and promoting Ilocano art and literature after the end of his
term as governor.
 ARTS AND LITERATURE

 One of his works, Mining wenno Ayat ti Kararwa is comparable to Noli me tangere, a novel by
Philippine patriot José Rizal. He translated Don Quixote into the Ilocano language as Don Calixtofaro
de la Kota Caballero de la Luna

 Neneng
° Aurelio Tolentino y
Valenzuela was a Filipino
playwright, poet, journalist,
and revolutionary. His works
at the turn of the 20th
century depicted his desire
to see Philippine
independence from its
colonizers. He was arrested
twice, first by the Spaniards
and later by American
forces. Wikipedia
° Born: October 15, 1869,
Guagua
° Died: July 5, 1915, Manila
° Books: Dakilang Asal
° Parents: Leonardo Tolentino,
Patrona Valenzuela
° Spouse: Natividad Hilario
(m. 1908–1915)
 olentino would eventually become an early member of the Katipunan. He accompanied Bonifacio in
their search for a secret headquarters in the mountains of Morong province (now Rizal) in preparation
for the start of the Philippine Revolution

 Tolentino was arrested shortly after the start of the war and was detained for nine months. He took part
in the revolutionary campaigns of Gen. Vicente Lukban after his release.

 Tolentino formed Junta de Amigos, a secret organization composed of former Katipuneros to fight for
independence from the Americans. Later, he attempted to reorganize the Revolutionary Army but was
unsuccessful

 Tolentino also founded the first worker's cooperative in the Philippines, Samahang Hanapbuhay ng
Mahihirap, as well as El Parnaso Filipino, a school for the promotion of Tagalog literature
 ARTS AND LITERATURE

 his now famous verse drama, Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas, premiered at Manila's Teatro
Libertad.

 Ang Bagong Cristo, a proletarian interpretation of the story of Christ.

° Wilfrido María
Guerrero was a
Filipino playwright,
director, teacher and
theater artist. He wrote
over 100 plays, 41 of
which have been
published. His
unpublished plays have
either been broadcast
on the radio or staged
in various parts of the
Philippines. Wikipedia
° Born: January 22,
1911, Ermita, Manila
° Died: April 28, 1995
 He is the first Filipino to have a theater named after him within his lifetime, the Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero
Theater of the University of the Philippines

 He wrote his first play at the age of 14 in Spanish, entitled No Todo Es Risa. This play was produced at the
Ateneo de Manila University when he was 15.

 Guerrero later worked as a reporter and proofreader for La Vanguardia, a Spanish newspaper, and as a
drama critic for the Manila Tribune.
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Several of Guerrero's plays have been translated into and produced in Chinese, Italian, Spanish, Tagalog,
Visayan, Ilocano and Waray. Six of his plays have been produced abroad:
 Half an Hour in a Convent at the Pasadena Playhouse,
 California; Three Rats at the University of Kansas; Condemned in Oahu, Hawaii;
 One, Two, Three (premiere performance) at the University of Washington, Seattle;
 Wanted: A Chaperon at the University of Hawaii; and Conflict in Sydney, Australia
Thank You