PUNCTUATION

These are Marks used to divide a piece of writing

into sentences, phrases, etc.
PUNCTUATION
 Marks used to divide a piece of writing into
sentences, phrases, etc.

 Punctuation allows the reader to understand

Author’s text properly, and meaningfully.
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 Confusion

Inside the boat was in good condition.

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 Clear

Inside, the boat was in good condition.

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 Confusion

I am going to eat Grandma.

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 Clear

I am going to eat, Grandma.

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 Confusion:
We are going to learn how to cut and paste kids.
 Clear:
We are going to learn how to cut and paste, kids.

 Confusion:
While rocking the boat was almost capsized.
 Clear:
While rocking, the boat was almost capsized.
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 A woman without her man is nothing

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 A woman, without her man, is nothing.

 A woman: without her, man is nothing.

 Punctuate the Paragraph
Animals in Captivity
Animals living in modern zoos enjoy several
advantages over animals in the wild The first
advantage is that zoo animals are separated from
their natural predators They are protected so they
live without risk of being attacked Another
advantage is that someone feeds them regularly so
they do not have to hunt for food Also they do not
suffer times when food is hard to find A third
advantage of living in zoos is that veterinarians give
animals regular checkups and sick animals get
prompt medical attention
 Animals in Captivity
Animals living in modern zoos enjoy several
advantages over animals in the wild. The first
advantage is that zoo animals are separated from
their natural predators. They are protected, so they
live without risk of being attacked. Another
advantage is that someone feeds them regularly, so
they do not have to hunt for food. Also, they do not
suffer times when food is hard to find. A third
advantage of living in zoos is that veterinarians give
animals regular checkups, and sick animals get
prompt medical attention.
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Period ( . )

 Greatest pause in the text.

 Marks the end of sentence.

 Use a period at the end of declarative and most

imperative sentences.
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Period ( . )
 Use period at the end of most abbreviations or
initials:
 Personal Names: E. B. White, Salley K. Ride
 Titles: Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr. Sen. Capt. Gov.
 Parts of Business names: Co. Corp. Ltd. Inc.
 Address: St. Rd. Bldg.
 Chronology: B.C. A.D.
 Time of day: A.M. P.M.
 Measurement: 12 ft. 2 in.
 Time: 1 hr. 15 min.
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Comma ( , )
Comma makes writing clear by separating words,
ideas, and other elements in sentences.
 Commas in Series:
In a series of three or more items.
Pakistan, New Zealand, India, and England have
qualified for semi finals.

Use Commas with introductory elements:

Yes, I want to learn English.
No, I don’t like smoking.
Yes, she is very intelligent
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Comma ( , )
Put a comma after a time order signal that
comes before the subject at the beginning of a
sentence:
 Example: Finally, they won the match.
 Yesterday, he visited sea view.
Put a comma after the first sentence in a
compound sentence. Put the comma before the
coordinating conjunction.
Example:
 I was too tired to think, so I decided to take a
break and watch TV for a while.
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Semi colon ( ; )
 Used to pause, greater than comma.
 Separates different elements within a sentence.
 Indicates that an example or explanation follows
 Used to separate clauses of compound sentences
 Shows strong relation between the clauses
 Don’t use unless the ideas in the clauses are
closely related
 Example:
 We visited Singapore, Thailand, and Japan in the
spring; Germany, France, and Italy in the
summer; and United States in the fall
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Colon ( : )
 Pause greater than Semicolon
 Used to introduce a list of items
 Example: On a short sailing excursion, you
should bring these items: a life jacket, a pair of
sun glasses, and a tube of sunscreen.
 Note: Do not use semicolon after a verb, in the
middle of prepositional phrase, or after because
or as
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Colon ( : )
 After a Verb
 The three longest rivers in the world are: the
Nile, the Amazon, and the Yangtze (Incorrect)
 There are three longest rivers in the world: the
Nile, the Amazon, and the Yangtze (Correct)
 In the middle of a prepositional phrase
 I have swum in: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific
Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea (Incorrect)
 I have swum in the following bodies of the water:
the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and the
Mediterranean Sea (Correct)
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Colon ( : )
 After Because or As
 The ship was in danger because: a terrible storm
was approaching (Incorrect)
 The ship was in danger because a terrible storm was
approaching (Correct)
 Use after the formal salutations of business
letters
 Example: Dear Madam: Dear Sir: Dear Manager:
 After labels that signal important ideas
 Beware: These waters contain sharks
 Between the hour and minute figures
 02:00, 05:00
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Hyphens ( - )
 A hyphen connects the following kinds of words,
which then function as a single unit.
 Compound numbers: Thirty-five cars, Ninety-
seven years, twenty-nine days
 Certain Compound nouns:
 Time-out, Brother-in-law,
 Compound Adjectives:
 Well-known fact, green-house, full-moon
 Use hyphen if part of a word must be carried
from one line to the next
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Apostrophe ( ’ )
 Possessive Case
 Singular Noun: Ali’s house, Sara’s beauty parlor,
Ahmed’s book
 Plural Noun: Five countries’ universities, three
years’ time, BSCS students’ exams
 Contractions: where letters and words are
missing:
 You’ll, they’re, can’t, I’d, She’s
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Quotation Marks ( “ ” )
 Beginning and end of direct quotation:
 “All citizens are equal in the constitution of
Pakistan”
 Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation
within a quotation
 “The guide book says that John called the giant
squid ‘a vast pulpy mass,’ ” said Tyrell
 Ellipses ( … )
 Use ellipses to indicate omission of words,
phrase, line or paragraph within a quoted passage
 A small crowd … followed them as they walked
the long, dusty, sunlit street.
Activity
Thank You