Essay Writing

The Writing Process

The process of writing has roughly Four steps:

 Pre-Writing: To create ideas for topic

 Organizing: To organize ideas (outline)
 Writing: To write a rough draft based on
outline
 Polishing, Revising and Editing:
To polish your rough draft by editing it
and making revisions
Parts of a Paragraph
There are THREE elements of a Paragraph:

• Topic Sentence

• Supporting Sentences

• Concluding Sentence
Essay
 An organized type of writing
 Focuses on a single topic and general idea
 Thesis develops from all the main ideas or supporting paragraphs
 Paragraphs that develop the thesis are the body of the Essay
 Begins with an Introduction
 Includes Body Paragraphs
 Ends with a Concluding paragraph
 An Essay
• Helps you to express your ideas
• Helps you to convey much information in a small amount of
space
• Can be entertaining, depending on the topic
• It is a required part of almost all college/ university courses
 Thesis Statement
• Writing about and supporting throughout your Essay

• A sentence in the Essay that states the Essay, usually part of the
Introduction
• It is normally the last sentence in an introductory paragraph
• It has three purposes:
(a) It states the specific topic of the essay
(b) It may list the subtopics of the main topic
(c) It may also mention the method of organization
Elements of an Essay

• Organized around a Thesis:

 Includes an Introductory Paragraph

 It is developed by the supporting body paragraphs
 Includes a Concluding Paragraph
Parts of an Essay
There are THREE parts of an Essay:

• The Introductory Paragraph

• The Body Paragraphs (2-4)

• The Concluding Paragraph

 Essay Outline
a. Introductory paragraph
(a) Gets the reader’s attention (captures his/her interest)
(b) Tells the reader what to expect in the essay
(c) Is usually shorter than the body paragraphs
b. Body Paragraph # 1
(a) Often begins with a topic sentence
(b) Explains one of three major points about the topic
(c) Might contain reasons and examples
(d) Is linked to the following paragraph
c. Body Paragraph # 2
(a) Might have the topic sentence as the second sentence
(b) Discusses a second major point about the topic
(c) Might contain quotations and statistics
(d) Is linked to the following paragraph
 Essay Outline
d. Body Paragraph # 3
(a) Might have the topic sentence as the last sentence
(b) Discusses the last major point about the topic
1. The last point is often the most important point
2. The other paragraphs may have been building toward this one
(c) Might contain opinions and personal stories
(d) Is linked to the following paragraph
e. Concluding Paragraph
(a) Usually begins with a word or phrase that signals the ending
(b) Lets the reader know that the essay is over
(1) Like THE END in a children’s book, it signals the end.
(2) If it is done well, the reader would never turn the page.
(c) Is frequently shorter than the body paragraphs
 Essay Introductory Paragraph
• First part of an Essay
• Readers’ first Impression
• Readers’ major influence to keep reading
• Should be explained why the topic is important
• Should include the most important idea of the Essay, The Thesis
Statement
• It should lead reader gradually from a very general idea of your
topic to a very specific idea
 Model Essay
(Introductory Paragraph)
Styles of Popular Music
Music is truly the one universal language. Although all cultures have
music, each culture develops its own musical forms and styles. In
particular, popular music varies from culture to culture and from
generation to generation. In the past 100 years or so, there has been an
explosion of popular music styles in the West. Three of the more
successful styles are reggae, punk, and rap.
Thesis Statement (Last sentence)
 Body Paragraphs
• Provide the context of an Essay
• Include facts and opinions
• Unify the Main idea coherently
• One or more paragraphs
• Each body paragraph has a topic sentence and several supporting
sentences
• Each body paragraph supports the thesis statement
 Model Essay
(Body Paragraph 1)
One successful style of popular music is reggae, which was born on the
Caribbean island of Jamaica in the 1960s and spread throughout the world in
the 1970s. Reggae developed from a kind of Afro-Caribbean music called
mento, which was sung and played on guitars and drums. Some musicians
changed mento into a music style called ska by adding a hesitation beat.' A few
years later, other musicians changed ska, and reggae was born. Reggae's
special sound comes from reversing the roles of the instruments: The guitar
plays the rhythm, and the bass plays the melody. An important influence on
reggae music was the Rastafarian cult. The Rastafarians added unusual sound
mixes, extra-slow tempos, strange lyrics, and mystical-political themes. The
best-known reggae musician was the late-' Bob Marley. Well-known groups are
Toots & The Maytals, Burning Spear, and Steel Pulse. Reggae has influenced
later styles of popular music, including punk and rap.
 Model Essay
(Body Paragraph 2)
A second successful style of popular music is punk. Punk is a style of rock music that
began in the mid-1970s as a reaction against previous forms of rock. Punks felt that rock
music no longer represented the counterculture from which it had sprung and had, in fact,
sold out to the mainstream culture. With their clothing and hairstyles, punks intended to
shock society. The "punk look" included spike hairdos, theatrical makeup, ripped
clothing, body piercings, and jewelry made from objects such as razor blades and safety
pins. The onstage behavior of punks was aggressive and provocative. At concerts,
fighting and other violent behavior by the fans were common occurrences. Punk music
itself is simple (often just three chords), and its songs are short (rarely more than three
minutes long). Its songs are anti-government, anti-authority, and anti-conformity. As with
all music styles, punk has evolved into other styles. Groups such as the Dead Kennedys
and Black Flag play hardcore punk, which is a faster and louder punk style. The band
Fall Out Boy plays emo, a style in which the musicians become so emotional during a
performance that they scream and cry. Pop punk, made popular by the group Green Day,
is another new punk style.
 Model Essay
(Body Paragraph 3)
A third successful style of popular music is rap, which is also called hip-hop. Rap is a
type of dance music in which the singers - rappers- speak in rhythm and rhyme rather
than sing. The art of rapping originated in Africa and probably traveled to the United
States via Jamaica, where it was known as toasting. In the United States, rap first
appeared in the mid-1970s in the discos of New York City's black neighborhoods. Disco
DJs teamed up with rappers to play songs for dancers at parties. At first, the role of the
rapper was to keep the beat going with hand claps while the OJ changed records. Soon,
rappers added lyrics, slogans, rhymes, and call-and-response exchanges with the
audience, and rap was born. Early rap songs were mainly about dancing, partying, and
the romantic adventures of the rappers, but politics became an important theme in rap in
the late 1980s and 1990s. Most rappers are young black males, but there have been
female rappers such as Queen Latifah and white rappers such as the Beastie Boys and
Eminem
 The Concluding Paragraph
• Leaves the Reader with a positive Impression, a sense of
completeness, and inclination to think about the topic
• Short and Single Paragraph
• Should not include new Information
• Should follow logically from the body of the Essay
• The concluding paragraph is the last paragraph of an essay
• It has three purposes:
• 1. It signals the end of the essay
• 2. It reminds the reader of your main points
• 3. It leaves the reader with your final thoughts on the topic
 Model Essay

(The Concluding Paragraph)

To sum up, popular music changes constantly. New styles are born,
grow, change, and produce offshoots, which in turn grow, change, and
produce offshoots. Some styles enjoy lasting popularity, but others
disappear rather quickly. However, all contribute to the power and
excitement of popular music in our time
Types of Essay
Descriptive Essays
Narrative Essays
Persuasive Essays
Argumentative essays
Comparison and Contrast Essays
Cause and Effect Essays
Descriptive Essays

Write about what a person, place or thing is?

Organize it by describing different parts or

aspects of the main object
Example of Descriptive Essays

Write an Essay describing the TIGER

Introduction
Introduce what a TIGER is?
Supporting Paragraphs
1. Describe where the TIGER lives?
2. Describe the body of the TIGER.
3. Describe what the TIGER eats?
Concluding Paragraph
Summarize what a TIGER is?
Narrative Essays

Writer tells a story about real life experience

Challenges students to think and write about

Themselves

Commonly written in the first person (Uses I)

Narrative Essays
Common Topics
1. First Day at University
2. The Moment of Success
3. A Memorable Journey
4. The Biggest Misunderstanding
5. The Difficult Decision
6. The Day You Decided to Change Your Life
Persuasive Essays

Aim is to Convince the reader

Demands research, facts, logics, opinions and

Examples to agree reader with writer

It can be an Argument, Discussion or Review

Examples of Persuasive Essays

1. It is a good idea to shorten the duration of

University Lectures

2. The Role of Information Technology Class in

the Life of an Average Student

3. Reasons why Modern Students should Study

Business-related Disciplines

4. Remote Education vs. Traditional Schooling

Argumentative Essays

Provide solid Arguments

Argument to Influence the Reader

Writer defends his side with solid reasoning

Present the claims in a well-detailed and

Comprehensive way
Compare and Contrast Essays

Write about Similarities and Differences

Between two or more people, places, or things

Organize it by writing one subject first and then

Comparing it with second subject

Compare Categories of the subject

Example of Compare and Contrast Essays

Write an Essay comparing the weather in Karachi and Lahore

Introduction
Introduce weather in the cities of Karachi and Lahore

Supporting Paragraphs
1. Compare weather in Spring and Summer of both cities. State
how they are similar or different
2. Compare weather in Fall and Winter of both cities. State how
they are similar or different

Concluding Paragraph
Summarize the similarities and differences
Cause and Effect Essays

Discusses the Reasons why something happened

Explains why or how some event happened, and

What resulted from the event

Relationship between two or more events

Discuss both Causes and Effects

Planning the Essay

1. Brainstorming
Look for IDEAS and Topics of Interest

2. Scattergram
Write the topic in the middle of the Page
Write every conceivable idea, thought, aspect of
the topic or possibility that comes in the mind
Number the idea in a logical order and

3. Create an Outline
Activity
Thank You