SOCIOLOGY

A Down-to-Earth Approach 8/e

James M. Henslin

Chapter Three:
Socialization
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Look familiar? Or Chaos?

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Isolation, how bad can it

get?

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What is Human Nature?

 Nature vs. Nurture - Oscar and Jack
Workaholic v. leisurely


 Feral Children
 Victor “Wild Boy”
 Isolated Children
 Genie, Anna, Isabelle
 Institutionalized Children
 Skeels and Dye Study
 Study of Orphanages
 12 Control 13 Experimental
 21 years later? 12 grade Average. 5 completed 1 or more years
of college, 1 to graduate school, 11 married
 All were self sufficiant

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Deprived Animals

 Harry and Margret Harlow (1962)

 Two artificial Mothers
 One with wire frame and wooden head
 One with no bottle but covered with soft
terrycloth
 What was the outcome?
 Page 67

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In Sum…

Society Makes Us Human

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Socialization into the Self and

Mind
Cooley and the Looking Glass Self
 Remember Symbolic Interactionism?? He Influenced it Duh!
 We Imagine How We Appear to Others
 I’m Very Cool
 We Interpret Others’ Reactions
 Do you like me?
 We Develop a Self-Concept
 Positive and Negative
 Take the Role of the other
 Someone else's shoes
 Significant Others – Parents, Siblings
 When do we act out on these principles? Generalized Other
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Socialization into
the Self and Mind
Mead and Role-Taking

 Imitation

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Socialization into
the Self and Mind
Mead and Role-Taking

 Imitation

 Play

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 Chapter 3:Socialization

Socialization into
the Self and Mind
Mead and Role-Taking

 Imitation

 Play

 Games

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George Herbert Mead – 1863-1929

 University of Chicago
 Generalized Other – Integrated conception of our
norms. “You get it!”
 Example – being honest >> Significant others
 Self Concept - Self is not a structure, it is a
process. The I acts and the Me defends the self as
reflective of others. The combination of the Me and
the I.
 “I” is the spontaneous, and active part.
 “Me” is the socialized portion
 The “I” is the first reaction
 They are both in constant communication

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Socialization into the Self and Mind

Piaget and the Development of Reasoning
Being human means having the ability to reason
 Sensorimotor Stage – Birth to age two
 Do I have toes?
 Preoperational Stage –Two to age Seven
 Count, Count what does that mean? Mountains
 Concrete Operational Stage – Seven to Twelve
 Can take roles and participate in games, But … Truth?
 Formal Operational Stage – After age Twelve
 Capable of abstract thinking
 Slavery Example! How in our country?

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Learning Personality, Morality, and Emotions

 Freud and the Development of Personality
Physician in Vienna Austria in the early 1900’s


 Best known for what?

 Personality has three elements 1) ID – Inborn Drives
2) EGO – The balancing force 3) Super EGO – Your
Conscience, that voice we talked about.
 The ID demands immediate self fulfillment for basic needs
 The Super EGO represents the Culture Within Us
 Kohlber and the Development of Morality

 Gilligan and Gender Differences in Morality

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Work to outline the following people or

Studies:
 Kohlberg and Gilligan P. 72-73
 Theory on development? Gender differences?
 Paul Ekman P.73 Global and Expressing Emotions
 Ifaluk P. 74
 Colin Turnbull P. 74 The IK?
 Susan Goldberg and Michael Lewis
 What did they find? P. 75-76

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Socialization into Emotions

 Global Emotions

 Expressing Emotions

 What We Feel

 Research Needed

 The Self and Emotions as Social

Control - Society Within Us
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Down-to-Earth Sociology
 Colin Turnbull and the Ik

 Passionless Society

 Selfishness, Numbness, Lack of Concern

 Only Good is Pursuit of Food

 No School, No Church, No Family

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Society Within Us
 The Self and Emotions as Social Control

 Are We Free?

 Expectations of Family and Friends

 Social Mirror

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Socialization into Gender

 Gender Messages in the Family
 Goldberg and Lewis
 Could be Biological?
 Innate differences
 Monkeys – cars and Dolls
 Gender Messages from Peers
 Wimpy
 Milkie Study - Discovery as boys
 Gender Messages in the Mass Media
 Advertising
20,000 commercials a year
G – Cooperative B – Aggressive
G – Giggly B – Dominant
 Unrealistic and inadequate leads to an

array of products to get you there

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Socialization into Gender

 Television – reinforces stereotypes of the sexes

 Male characters outnumber females
 Males usually portrayed in higher status position
 Women's sports on television?
 Cheerleaders though?
 Trivialized and mocked
 Kim Possible, Xena, Alias,
Buffy the Vampire

 More women are injured from being battered by men than

by all rapes, muggings and automobile crashes combined.
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Agents of Socialization
 Religion
 On any given Sunday 2 out of 5 Americans attend a religious
service
 Day Care
 Children who spend more hours in day care have weaker bonds
with their mothers
 More likely to fight and to be cruel
 Why might this be?
 But…score higher on language tests
 The School
 Manifest Function - intended
 Latent Function – unintended
 Universality
 Hidden and corridor curriculum

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Agents of Socialization
 The Neighborhood
 Common Sense tells us
 Children from poor neighborhoods are more likely to get into
trouble, become pregnant or drop out of school
 Residents from more affluent neighborhoods watch out for each
others kids
 Poor neighborhoods don’t care about kids?
 Less Transition in neighbors, so adults know children
 Peer Groups
 Influence of the family lessons as time goes on
 Adler Study – Boys are made popular through athletics,
coolness, and toughness. Girls are made popular through family
background, physical appearance, and the ability to attract
boys.
 The standards dominate
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Agents of Socialization

 Sports and Competitive Success

Not just physical skills learned but values


 Justification for sports

 Boys - Masculinity Girls – Meaningful Relationships
 The Workplace
 Gain a new perspective on life from coworkers
 Anticipatory Socialization – learning to play a role
before entering it
 Get out before its to late! Student Teachers

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Socialization Through Life

 Resocialization
 Mild - New Boss
 Intense - Alcoholics Anonymous
 Degradation Ceremony – Prisoners – their verdict being read
 Total Institutions - Boot Camp
 Childhood - Birth to ~12 yrs

 Adolescence - 13 to 17 yrs
 Transitional Adulthood - 18 to 29 yrs

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Socialization Through Life

The Middle Years - 30 to 65 yrs

 Early Middle Years - 30 to 49 yrs

 Later Middle Years - 50 to 65 yrs

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Socialization Through Life

The Older Years ~65 yrs on

 Early Older Years

 Later Older Years

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Sociological Significance
of the Life Course

 Does Not Merely Represent Biology

 Social Factors Influence Life Course

 Social Location Very Significant

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Are We Prisoners of
Socialization?
 Sociologists Do Not Think So

 Individuals Are Actively Involved

in the Construction of the Self

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