21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 1

PRESENT & FUTURE CHALLENGES WITH REGARD TO

INNOVATIONS & TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN
AVIATION

21ST TO 22ND DECEMBER 2022

A Presentation by
Muhammad Adnan
Additional Director E&M Engineering

21/12/22
 SEQUENCE

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP

Sequence

 Introduction to Aviation
 Challenges in Aviation Sector
 Innovations & Technological Advancements

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 4

 INTRODUCTION
TO AVIATION

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP

INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION

 Aviation is the field that deals with the activities related to

Introduction
transportation of peoples and goods through air.

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 6

INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION

 Mankind had been attempting to fly man-made objects into air

Introduction
since 5th Century AD. The original idea of kite-flying from China
was first attempt whereby Chinese used kites to send messages,
test winds and measure distances.

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 7

INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION

 Evolution of lighter-than-air lifting bodies started in 18th century

Introduction
with the development of lifting balloons containing lightweight gas
or hot air.

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 8

INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION

 The most significant advancement in aviation technology came in

Introduction
the early 20th century with the construction of a heavier-than-air
lifting body in the form of a powered and controlled airplane by the
Wright brothers.

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 9

INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION

 Since the invention of Wright brothers, the aviation industry has

Introduction
been technologically revolutionized in every aspect of air
transportation and military applications.

Airbus A330-300
Lockheed Blackbird
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 10
INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION

 The modern
Activities air transportation
of Research Committeesystem involves two phases of
operations:

 On ground operations (i.e. before takeoff & after landing),

generally take place at airports through Airport Services.

 In Air Operations (i.e. after takeoff & before landing), take place
in air through Air Navigation Services.

 Regulations are developed to manage these activities in a safe and

orderly manner.

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 11

INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION

 In brief, an aviation system comprises:

Activities of Research Committee
 Aircrafts (Operated by States / Airlines)
 Airport Services
 Air Navigation Services
 Regulatory Framework

 Post WW-II, aviation activities had spread over vast areas due to
technical development of aircraft and increase in international
transportation of peoples and goods. Consequently, a need was felt
to standardize aviation activities to promote safe and orderly
development of International Civil Aviation throughout the world.

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 12

INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION
 In 1944, delegates from 54 States attended an International Civil
Activities of Conference
Aviation Research inCommittee
Chicago (called Chicago Convention) and by
its conclusion, International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was
established on 7th December 1944. Out of 54 States, 52 signed the
Chicago Convention. ICAO got the status of specialized agency of
United Nation (UN) in 1947 and Pakistan became an ICAO member
state in November 1947. At present, 193 States are the members of
ICAO.
 ICAO Member States follow ICAO’s standards & recommended
practices (Annexes) to harmonize their national regulations at
international level for safety, efficiency, consistency and regularity
of International Civil Aviation. Civil Aviation deals with the
operations of civil aircraft and States’ aircraft are not come under
its domain.
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 13
INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION
 Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority (PCAA), a public sector
Activities of Research
autonomous Committee
organization working under ministry of aviation, is
responsible for Airport Services, Air Navigation Services and
implementation of regulations commensurate with ICAO’s
Standards & Recommended Practices.

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 14

 CHALLENGES
IN AVIATION SECTOR

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP

 Aviation is a fast-growing and rapidly evolving industry. There are
Scope of QC&M
currently around 4 billion air passengers every year at global level, and
this figure is expected to double by 2036. Given these facts, some major
challenges presently faced by local as well as global aviation sector can
be described under following 4 categories.

 Aviation Safety
 Aviation Security
 Air Navigation Capacity and Efficiency
 Environmental Protection

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 16

 AVIATION SAFETY
Safety is a core value in aviation, offering rapid and dependable air
Scope of QC&M
services. The 193 ICAO member states are currently working toward
their agreed global safety target of zero fatalities by 2030.
 Technologies – GNSS, Avionics, Aircraft, Navigation System etc.
 Global & Regional Procedures (ICAO Air Safety Plans & Air
Navigation Plans)
 Global Cooperation for Interoperability & harmonization (ICAO
COSCAP, Cooperative Development of Operational Safety and
Continuing Airworthiness Program)
 Safety Management System (ICAO SMS – State Safety Program)
(Fundamental concepts & best practices)
 Standardization, Implementation and Compliance (ICAO USOAP)

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 17

 AVIATION SECURITY
The aviation security involves many requirements relating to travel
Scope of QC&M
documents and border management, information sharing and
identification of high-risk travellers, screening of people and cargo for
security purposes, global anti-terrorism objectives, and many other
inter-related priorities.
 Technologies – Advance 3D CT scanners, explosive detection
systems, airports anti-intrusion systems, night vision systems.
 Global & Regional Procedures (ICAO Annexure-17, Aviation
Security)
 Global Cooperation (interoperability & harmonization) (GASP -
Global Aviation Security Plan)
 Facilitation Services (Immigration, Customs & Anti Narcotics etc.).
 Travel Identification System (Travel documents and border control)
 Aviation cybersecurity (To protect aviation digital infrastructure)
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 18
AVIATION NAVIGATION CAPACITY & EFFICIENCY

Rapidly growing air traffic require States to implement strategies to

Scope ofaviation
reduce QC&Mcongestion, conserve fuel, protect environment, reduce
aircraft noise and maintain all-weather operations.

 Technologies – GNSS, Avionics, ADS-B, CNS/ATM

 Performance-based Navigation (​PBN) (Navigation Specifications)
 Global & Regional Air Navigation Plans (Interoperability and
harmonization)
 Aviation System Block Upgrades (Regional Performance
Improvements)

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 19

 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Aviation emissions are estimated to contribute about 3.5 per cent of the
Scope
total of QC&M
human activities and this percentage is growing. Emission of GHG
has direct impact on Climate change / Global warming. Aircraft noise is
also a significant cause of adverse community reaction related to the
operation and expansion of airports.
 Technology – emission compliant engines, renewable energy
technologies, energy / fuel efficient technology.
 Energy Conservation
 Go green (Renewable Energy)
 Global Cooperation (ICAO CORSIA – Carbon Offsetting & Reduction
Scheme)
 Sustainable / Alternate Aviation Fuels (West derived – biomass /
municipal waste etc.)
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 20
 OTHER CHALLENGES
 The Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) industry is not well
Scopedeveloped
of QC&M in Pakistan to provide for cost-effective maintenance of
aviation systems
 The lack of native manufacturing base results in more imports of
equipment and spares thereby making the operations more Capital
Intensive
 Local procedures for procurement of goods & services are not
optimized for specialized undertakings.
 Rising price of fuel & energy and decline in local economy are
presenting more operational challenges.
 Lack of highly specialized & skilled workforce results in hiring of
outsourced / foreign services.
 Lack of quality management system badly affects organizational
performance.
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 21
 INNOVATIONS & TECHNOLOGICAL
ADVANCEMENT

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP

 The UN predicts that by 2050 two thirds of the world
Framework of Performance
population will live in Excellence
cities increasing the demand of
social connectivity. Following applications can bring a
transformational change in the aviation industry to meet
the fast and efficient air mobility requirement in future.
 Urban Air Mobility
 High Altitude Flight Operations
 Connected Aircraft
 Artificial Intelligence & Cloud Based Data Management
 Internet of Things (IoT) and Robotics
 Airports of the Future
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 23
 URBAN AIR MOBILITY

Framework
 of Air
The term Urban Performance
Mobility definesExcellence
the concept of small, highly
automated aircraft to carry passenger
or cargo at lower altitudes in urban
and suburban areas.
 Growing cities and increased
population density is going to
revolutionize air transportation by
making the dream of urban air
mobility a reality
 The concept of new aircraft types e.g.,
electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing
(eVTOL) is continuously developing
with increased level of autonomy and
data exchanges.
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 24
 URBAN AIR MOBILITY
 Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is
a new frontier of aviation to
Framework of Performance
support the demand of diverse and Excellence
increasingly complex air mobility.
 However, technological challenges
exist to design and optimize the
UAS for heavy-lift and long-
endurance capabilities .
 The traffic management system,
operational procedures and
engineering systems for Unmanned
Aircraft Systems are still under
development stage.

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 25

 HIGH ALTITUDE FLIGHT OPERATIONS

 Most passenger aircraft fly at an

Framework
altitude of of Performance
41000~43000 feet. Excellence
However, performance of the aircraft
gets better if it fly at higher altitudes.
 Though traditional aircraft are unable
to fly such altitudes, current
advancements in propulsion and
aerodynamics have led to the
sophisticated aircrafts operating at
very high altitudes.
 Current Air Traffic Management
system cannot scale to meet the
needs of high altitude flying and
Boeing Phantom Eye high altitude,
require innovative solutions to long endurance liquid hydrogen-
manage air traffic in such airspace. powered unmanned aerial vehicle

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 26

CONNECTED AIRCRAFT

Framework of Performance Excellence

 The demand of increased air
traffic density would also
require integrated information
regime supported by enhanced
aircraft-to-aircraft
communications.

 However, technological
improvements are still
underway to exchange
information between aircraft
and ground automation and
improve operational awareness
and decision-making.
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 27
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE & CLOUD ENTERPRISE
 Considering the advantages of wide
spectrum computing options and
Framework of Performance Excellence
value added services, the eligible
components of information
management system shall move to
cloud based enterprise architecture.
 Artificial Intelligence has the
potential to increase urban air
mobility, improve airline safety,
automate flight scheduling, and
enable predictive maintenance of
airplanes etc.
 These technology also present
challenges and risks which would
require due consideration before
implementation.
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 28
INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) & ROBOTICS

Framework of Performance
The future aviation industry Excellence
will greatly benefit from IoT
and Robotics to deliver
unique customer
experience, simplify process
and enhance productivity of
workforce.
 IoT technology can be used
in Security, checks in,
passenger facilitation /
guidance, baggage
handling, cleaning systems,
biometrics etc.
 Robotics will greatly benefit
in Aircraft construction,
Inspection, transportation,
fastening, welding etc.
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 29
AIRPORTS OF THE FUTURE

 Airports are expected to grow bigger due to increase in air travel

Framework of Performance
and consequent increase inExcellence
leisure facilities that offer dining &
shopping etc.
 Airports are expected to engage with public-private partnerships
for agile infrastructure and diverse operations of Urban Air
Mobility (UAM).
 Urban Air Mobility will demand a number of landing / takeoff
facilities in large cities
 The airports shall become technologically advanced to
accommodated advanced aviation systems. A
 Airports shall operate as info-centric hubs for national airspace
enabled by integrated information regime.

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 30

AIRPORTS OF THE FUTURE

 As technology will improve and the cost of human resources rise,

Framework of automation
increasing Performancemay Excellence
replace human resources in the name
of efficiency and safety.
 As the airports are hotspots of energy consumption in any
cosmopolitan, sustainability w.r.t. energy is a major concern for
airports. Therefore, future airports shall largely acquire
renewable energy technologies and energy efficient equipment.

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 31

 THANK YOU

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP

 CASE STUDY

Installation of grid connected ground mounted 4MWp (DC) Solar

PV plant at JAIP Karachi

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP

 MAJOR ACTIVITIES
 Site Selection & Topography – Site
coordinates, location, radiation
Framework of Performance Excellence
data etc.
 Specification & sizing of electrical
components
 Site plan for layout and
positioning of solar PA array,
transformer, inverters, switchyard
and cable routes.
 Load Flow Studies
 Energy Yield Estimation
 Design of Earthing system
 Design of module mounting
structure
 Weather monitoring station –
temp, radiation, wind,
humidity, rain
 Financial modeling
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 34
 THE STUDY
 Study period January ~ April
Framework of Performance Excellence
2022 (1 USD = 177)
 Plant capacity 4MWp (DC)
 Land required 12 Acre (3 Acre
per MWp)
 Estimated cost Rs. 440M (Rs.
110 / KWp)
 70% Bank Loan = Rs. 308M for
10 years
 30% Equity = Rs. 132M
 Project life cycle = 25 years
 Project Depreciation = 4% per
year straight-line
 Project Accelerated
Depreciation = 40% each year
 Grid tariff = Rs. 25
 Simple Payback = 2 years
 Equity NPV = Rs. 1B approx.
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 35
SUMMARY

 Solar Electricity
Framework of Performance
GeneratedExcellence
in one year = 5.8 M (Units)
Approx.
 Electricity Consumption of JIAP in one year = 7.5 M (Units)
Approx.
 Grid Electricity Unit Rate = Rs. 25/-
 Cost of Solar Electricity generated in one year = Rs. 145M
 Cost of Project Rs. 440M
 Simple Payback = 3 years
 Carbon Offsetting = 1900 tonne CO2e per year. (if 0.72
pounds CO2e is produced per KWh)

 Financial modeling
21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 36
CHALLENGES

 Flight safety
Framework of Performance
hazard due toExcellence
reflection from the panels – (bi-
facial / less reflective or anti glare coating)
 Interference to Navigational system – due to installation of
solar panels and equipment.
 Bird activity - Birds may create nests in the solar penal
installation hardware.
 Fire hazard – Solar panel may be on fire due to short
circuit.

 Financial modeling

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 37

Framework of Performance Excellence

It is dangerous to be right in matters on which

established authorities are wrong
(Voltaire)

21/12/22 02 DAYS CPD WORKSHOP 38