TYPES OF BIASES

A _______ IS A CONSCIOUS AND

UNCONSCIOUS THAT LEADS TO
MISINTERPRET INFORMATION
AFFECTING OUR DECISION'S
RATIONALITY AND ACCURACY.
 MENTAL SHORTCUTS, SOCIAL
PRESSURES, FLAWED MEMORY,
EMOTIONS, AGING, AND
PAYING-ATTENTION ISSUES CAN
CAUSE COGNITIVE BIASES.
 COGNITIVE BIASES CAN BE
EXTREMELY HELPFUL IN
CERTAIN SITUATIONS. THEY
SAVE US TIME BY ALLOWING US
TO REACH CONCLUSIONS
QUICKLY WITHOUT PROCESSING
EVERY PIECE OF EVIDENCE
FIRST.
Here are some of the most common cognitive
biases:
_______ bias
• is the tendency to attribute one's actions to
external factors while attributing other
people's behaviors to internal causes.
 For example:
Juan blames the situation or circumstance
when something negative happens. But when
the same thing happens to other persons, he
blames them for their choices, actions, or
behaviors.
 ______ bias
• is the tendency to rely heavily on the first
piece of information learned about a
subject.
 For example:
Juan goes to a mall to buy a t-shirt. He sees a
nice t-shirt costing php 4,200. At another
boutique, he sees a similar t-shirt priced php
2,200. He concludes the quality of the second
t-shirt is poor, because the first piece he sees
unduly influence his opinion.
 ______ bias
• is the tendency to pay attention to some
things while ignoring others.
 For example:
When studying for an exam in the library, you
pay attention only to your notes and books,
ignoring the students around you. So, you do
not even notice the students leave or enter the
library.
 ______ heuristic
• is our tendency to decide based on
information that comes to mind quickly
and easily in decision making.
 For example:
bias causes us to buy things we don't need
when we are near a store. It's also why we tend
to make rash decision in stressful situation.
 ______ heuristic
• makes us decide based on the emotional
cues, familiar facts, and vivid images we
easily recall, causing to err in our
judgment.
 For example:
when we decide whether or not to buy a lotto
ticket, what comes to mind is the luxurious
lifestyle that goes with winning the jackpot.
We ignore the long odds of winning the lotto.
 ______ bias
• is the tendency to look for information
that confirms our beliefs and ignore
information that contradicts them. This
bias is prevalent when we are forming an
opinion on something.
 For example:
We believe in a certain candidate is the most
qualified for a position.
So, we look for information confirming this
belief and ignore any information that
contradicts it.
 ______ effect
• is the inability yo recognize our
incompetence. It refers to our tendency to
believe we are more intelligent or capable
than we are or overestimate our abilities.
 For example:
On social media, we feel fully equipped to give
opinions on a topic or issue, even though
objective measures show the contrary or people
around us disagree.
 ______ effect
• is the inclination to see our attitudes,
beliefs, and behavior as typical. As a
result, we overestimate how much others
like us, agree with us, or approve our
behavior.
 For example:
Some activists may assume that most people
agree with their extreme political beliefs,
Therefore, they aggressively push these beliefs,
even though most people do not agree with
them.
 ___________
• is a tendency to see objects working in a
particular way.
 For example:
You need to sharpen your blunt knife but don't
have a knife sharpener. You have a teacup but
you don't use it to sharpen your knife because
you think you use it only for drinking tea.
 In this example, functional fixedness prevents
you from seeing an object's full range of uses.
It also applies to people, sometimes, people are
good only at the roles they play or functions
they perform. As a result, we don't try using
them to play roles of perform other functions.
 ________
• is the tendency of an impression created
in one area to influence opinion in
another. It is a cognitive bias in which our
impression of persons in one area
influences how we think about them in
other areas.
 For example:
We perceive an actress as attractive, likeable,
and successful. So, we see her as smart, funny,
and generous.
The Halo effect also refers to the tendency to
view someone's positive or negative traits as
outweighing all others. You see this in the
workplace, in sports, and politics.
 ______ bias
• is the tendency to overestimate our
likelihood of achieving favorable outcomes
and success and underestimate our
likelihood of experiencing unfavorable
outcomes, misfortunes, or hardships.
This bias is based on a mistaken belief that our
chances of experiencing negative events are
lower. In comparison, our chances of
experiencing positive events are higher than
those of our peers. So, optimism bias makes us
careless- we stop talking precautions.
 ______ bias
• is the tendency of a person to take credit
for positive events or results but blame
outside factors for negative events.
 For example:
Mary gets a good grade on a math test. She
tells everyone she is good in math and studied
hard for the test. However, when she gets a bad
grade on an english test, she tells her
classmates that the test is unfair.
THANK YOU!