Lesson 3:

Patterns of
Development in
Writing
 The eleven patterns of development are:
When you want to write, it is very significant to know first your
primary purpose because it will help you to determine the patterns
of development in writing to be utilized.

1. Cause -Effect 9. Question and Answer

2. Classification 10. Example
3. Comparison -Contrast 11. Process Analysis
4. Definition
5. Description
6. Narration
7. Persuasion
8. Problem -Solution
A. Cause and Effect
 Cause and Effect

A cause and effect present why something

happens, what causes it, what are the
effects, and how it is related to something
else. It is a relationship between an action
and a reaction where an action if taken,
would result in a reaction. The cause is a
reason for an action or condition that brings
an effect while the effect is something that
follows an antecedent (such as a cause or
agent).
 Cause and Effect

A cause of, because of, for, due to, as, and

since are cue words to signify a cause .
On the other hand, some expressions that
signify effect are therefore, consequently,
so, so that, thus, the explanation for , and
accordingly .
 Example: KIDS WHO ARE BULLIED
Kids who are bullied canexperiencenegative physical, social, emotional,
academic, and mental health issues. Kids who are bullied are more likely to experience:

❑Depressionandanxiety,increasedfeelingsofsadnessand
loneliness,changesinsleepandeatingpatterns,andlossof
interestinactivitiestheyusedtoenjoy.Theseissuesmaypersist
intoadulthood.
❑Healthcomplaints
❑Decreasedacademicachievement—GPAandstandardizedtest scores—
andschoolparticipation.Theyaremorelikelytomiss,
skip,ordropoutofschool.

A very small number of bullied children might retaliate through extremely violent
measures. In 12 of 15 school shooting cases in the 1990s, the shooters had a history of being
bullied.
B. Classification
 Classification

A classification pattern of written text

groups or classifies items or things into their
parts, types, kinds, or categories .

Classification is almost any act of noting

relationships . Technically, it is an act of
locating a specimen of all the different
kinds of objects which possess a given
characteristics
 Classification

The signal words to indicate that the

classification pattern of written text is used
are a part of , a kind of , a group of , a way
of , a class of , an example of , divided into ,
and comprised of .
Example:Types of Bullying
C. Comparison
and Contrast
 Comparison and Contrast

The comparison involves the identification of

similarities of at least two things, ideas, concepts,
or persons being compared while contrast
encompasses the identification of differences
between or among two subjects or topics .

This type of development shows how a

person, animal or thing mentioned in the
topic sentence resembles or differs from
someone or something else .
 Online Vs. Classroom Instruction (An
Excerpt)
By Kori Morgan

...AsuniversitiesmakegreateruseofInternet
resources,onlineclasseshavecontinuedtogrowin
popularityandeffectiveness.Onlinecourseslet
students learn at their own pace, accomplish
assignmentsontheirschedules,andacquirethe same
knowledge as they would in a traditional,
classroom-based course. Just like traditional
classes, online instructors use discussion,
assignments, and community to educate
students.
However,theirmeansofexecutionforthesetools
arequitedifferent.
The following reminders should be observed, in
order to make an effective comparison.

Things compared should

belong to the same class.

For example :

“ Students who graduated from urban elementary

schoolsare more technologically
-minded than students
who graduatedfrom ruralelementaryschools.”
The following reminders should be observed, in
order to make an effective comparison.

Comparison should be based on the same set of

measurement – both items in the comparison
must be measured by the same yardstick.

For example :

“ Earthquakesoften occurin the Philippines,but they

arenot so destructivein Japan.”

“ Earthquakesthat occurin the Philippinesare not as

destructiveas thosethat occurin Japan”
The following reminders should be observed, in
order to make an effective comparison.

Dangling comparisons should be avoided. The

two things being compared should be expressed
in one sentence.

For example :

“ Reading is easier.”

“ Reading is easierthan writing”

The following reminders should be observed, in
order to make an effective comparison.

Use the comparative degree in comparing two

persons, places or things.

For example :

“ Of the two masterpieces,I like this best.”

“ Of the two masterpieces,I like this better.”

The following reminders should be observed, in
order to make an effective comparison.

The superlative is used for emphasis only when

no comparison is intended, especially in a
formal and informal speech.

For example :

“ This is the most criticalmoment.”

“ You arethe luckiestboy in town.”

D. Definition
 D. Definition

Context clues are hints given by the author in a

written text to help the reader grasp the meaning
of the unfamiliar or unusual word .
Definition text explains what something is in
comparison to other members of its class, along
with any limitations . This is a method that gives a
satisfactory explanation of the meaning of a
word and may point out the special limitations of
its meaning .
 D. Definition

Denotation is the literal meaning of a word which

means that consulting the dictionary is the best
way for it while connotation is the feeling or idea
that the word suggests to its literal meaning . It is
an expression of how one perceives a word
based on his/her background or experiences .
Some expressions that signal a definition text are :
contain , make -up , involves , is/are, means, is
defined as, refers to, appears to be, as , and
pertains to .
 Example:

Piranhaareomnivorous,freshwaterfish,which
aremostlyknownfortheirsinglerowofsharp,
triangularteethinbothjaws.Piranhas’teeth
cometogetherinascissor-likebiteandareused
forpunctureandtearing.Babypiranhaaresmall, about
the size of a thumbnail, but full-grown
piranhagrowuptoabout6-10inches,andsome
individualfishupto2feetlonghavebeenfound.
Themanyspeciesofpiranhavaryincolor,though
mostareeithersilverywithanorangeunderbelly
andthroatoralmostentirelyblack
Example:
 Example: Blank Space (by Taylor Swift)

First:
Cherry lips, crystal skies
I can show you incredible things
Stolen kisses, pretty lies
You’re the king, baby, I’m your queen

Then:
Screaming, crying, perfect storm
I can make all the tables turn
Rose gardens filled with thorns
Keep you second guessing
 Example: Blank Space (by Taylor Swift)

What is the message of blank space?

The lyrics of the song deal in a satirical
way with the press' obsession with Taylor Swift's
romantic relationships. According to Swift, she
wrote the song in response to the media's
perception of her as a serial dater who writes
songs as a way to achieve some sort of
“emotional revenge” on her former boyfriends.
E. Description
 E. Description

Description as a pattern of written texts refers to

identifying concrete details about appearances,
characteristics, and actions .

Description is the most commonly used method

of writing a paragraph . Its purpose is to present
an image or a picture .
Adjectives and adverbs are abundant in
descriptive texts .
 Example: Subway (by Gilbert Highet)

Standing in the subway station, I began to

appreciatetheplace-almosttoenjoyit.Firstofall,I
lookedatthelighting:arowofmeagerlightbulbs,
unscreened,yellow,andcoatedwithfilth,stretched
towardtheblackmouthofthetunnel,asthoughitwere
aboltholeinanabandonedcoalmine.ThenIlingered,
withzest,onthewallsandceilings:lavatorytiles
whichhadbeenwhiteaboutfiftyyearsago,andwerenow
encrustedwithsoot,coatedwiththeremainsofadirty liquid
which might be either atmospheric humidity
mingledwithsmogortheresultofaperfunctoryattempt
tocleanthemwithcoldwater;and,abovethem,gloomy
vaultingfromwhichdingypaintwaspeelingofflike
scabsfromanoldwound,sickblackpaintleavinga
leprouswhiteundersurface…

Example: Subway (by Gilbert Highet)

…Beneathmyfeet,theflooranauseatingdarkbrown
withblackstainsuponitwhichmightbestaleoilor
drychewinggumorsomeworsedefilement:itlookedlike
thehallwayofacondemnedslumbuilding.Thenmyeye
traveledtothetracks,wheretwolinesofglittering steel-
theonlypositivelycleanobjectsinthewhole place-ran out
of darkness into darkness above an
unspeakablemassofcongealedoil,puddlesofdubious
liquid, and a mishmash of old cigarette packets,
mutilatedandfilthynewspapers,andthedebristhat
filtereddownfromthestreetabovethroughabarred
gratingintheroof.
F. Narration
 F. Narration

Narration deals with stories . When you write a

narrative, you are expected to tell a story,
whether it is real or imaginary . You use your
creativity and imagination on how are you going
to bring your characters to life in the minds of your
readers .
A narrative paragraph is the most difficult to write
compared to the other types of a paragraph or
paragraph development . Transitional devices or
aids such as first, second, next, then, finally , etc .,
are used .
Elements of Narrative Writing

1. Characters
2. Setting
3. Plot
4. Point of View
5. Theme
6. Tone
7. Style
8. Conflict
 Key Points in Writing
using a Narrative Method

a. Know what to write .

b. Develop a strong topic sentence .
c. Choose your materials .
d. Organize the events .
e. Consider your audience .
f. Use a dialogue .
g. Use figurative language .
h. Use narrative details .
 Example:

Themostembarrassingmomentofmysophomoreyear
washowIearnedmynickname,Crash.Itallstarted
rightafterschoolwhenIturnedontothebusiest
streetbymyschool.FirstIpulleduprightbehindthis
truckatastopsign.Afterasecond,afellowolder
studenttoldmethatIwasreallycloseandthatIwas
goingtohitbythetruckinfrontofme.Atthemoment
IwastryingtotellthekidIwasgivingaridetoget
backinthecarbecausehewashangingoutofthe
window.SinceIwasdistracted,Ithoughtthelongline
oftraffichadstartedtomove,butithadn’tInthe
blinkofaneyeIhitthebackofthetruckinfrontof me…
 Example:

…The devastation sunk in. I was so worried that I

damaged the truck, but all that I did was scratch
his bumper. Lucky for him! Then it came the time to
look at my car. My car was ruined. The hood was
buckled, the front end was pushed back, and my
headings were broken. Humiliated and scared, I
still had to drive my car home. During school that
year, I never did hear the end of what had happened
that day. (Tiffany Haggerty)
G. Persuasion
 G. Persuasion

Persuasion is a literary technique that writers

use to present their ideas through reason
and logic , to influence the audience .
Persuasion may simply use an argument to
persuade the readers, or sometimes may
persuade readers to perform a certain
action .
 Types of
Persuasion
Persuasion has
three basic types:
 Ethos
It is linked with
morality and ethics. In
this method of
persuasion, writers or
speakers convince their
audience of their
goodwill and present
themselves as
trustworthy.
 Examples of Ethos
"As a doctor, I am qualified
to tell you that this course
of treatment will likely
generate the best results."
"If my age doesn't convince you
that I know what I'm talking
about, at least consider that I
am your grandfather and I only
want the best for you."

"Based on the dozens of archaeological expeditions

I've made all over the world, I am confident that
those potsherds are Mesopotamian in origin."
 Logos
Logos comes from logic,
therefore writers use
logic, reasoning, and
rationality to convince
audiences of their
perspectives.
 Examples of Logos

"Ladies and gentlemen of the

jury: we have not only the
fingerprints, the lack of an
alibi, a clear motive, and an
expressed desire to commit the
robbery… We also have video
of the suspect breaking in.
The case could not be more
open and shut."

"More than one hundred peer-reviewed studies have been

conducted over the past decade, and none of them suggests
that this is an effective treatment for hair loss."
 Pathos
The third method is
pathos, which invokes
and appeals to the
emotions of the
audience. This is
contrary to logos, as it
presents arguments
without using logic or
reasoning.
Examples of Pathos

"If we don't move soon, we're

all going to die! Can't you
see how dangerous it would be
to stay?"
"Where would we be without this
tradition? Ever since our
forefathers landed at Plymouth
Rock, we've celebrated
Thanksgiving without fail, making
more than cherished recipes.
We've made memories."
 Campaign Speech, November 3, 2008 (By Barack Obama)

Barack Obama made a public speech a night before his

election campaign in Virginia on November 3, 2008,
saying:

“This country is more decent than one where a

woman in Ohio, on the brink of retirement, finds herself
one illness away from disaster after a lifetime of hard
work…This country is more generous than one where a man
in Indiana has to pack up the equipment, he’s worked on
for twenty years and watch it shipped off to China… We
are more compassionate than a government that lets
veterans sleep on our streets and families slide into
poverty; that sits on its hands while a major American
city drowns before our eyes…”
H. Problem
- Solution
 H. Problem
- Solution

One of the patterns of development in

writing is a problem -solution . A problem -
solution text starts with a negative situation
(a problem ) and ends with a positive
situation (a solution ). They are in some ways
similar to cause -effect in terms of structure .
Problem-Solution consists of four key components:

▪ Situation: Identify the problem and explain

why it is a problem and who should be
responsible for it.
▪ Problem: Explain the problem clearly.
▪ Solution: Cite concrete solutions to the
problem. Explain why it should be considered
and why it is the best solution to the
problem.
▪ Evaluation: It is a part of the conclusion in
which you have to highlight the problem and
the value of your solution.
 Example:

Drug abuse is rife in many countries. Billions of

dollars are spent internationally preventing drug use,
treating addicts, and fighting drug-related crime.
Although drugs threaten many societies, their effects can
be combated successfully. This essay looks at some of the
effects of drug use on society, and suggests some
solutions to the problem.
Drug abuse causes multiple problems for countries
and communities. The medical and psychological effects
are very obvious. Addicts cannot function as normal
members of society. They neglect or abuse their families,
and eventually require expensive treatment and
hospitalization.
 Example:

The second effect is on crime. Huge police resources

are needed to fight smuggling and dealing. Criminal gangs
and mafia underworlds develop with the money from drugs.
However, the menace of drugs can be fought.
Education is the first battle. Children need to be told
at home and in school about drugs. People need to be
aware of the effects so that they can avoid this problem.
In conclusion, although the problem of drugs may
seem impossible to eliminate, there are concrete steps
that can be taken to weaken the hold of drugs on society.
The danger from drugs is too great to ignore for us and
our children. (Source: writefix.com)
I. Question and Answer
It is used in argumentations and
explanations . Sometimes, a series of
questions make up a paragraph or
paragraphs . However, the questions are
meant to be unanswered .
 J. Example
This method presents examples to
support and make clear the topic
sentence . When the topic sentence
states a general fact, examples are
used to develop it.
 K. Process Analysis
This paragraph development is
concerned with “HOW” topics . The
word process is defined by Webster as a
systematic series of actions directed to
an end .
 References:

Antonio, M.T. & Salon, N. (2017). Reading

and Writing Skils for Senior High School .
Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House Inc.

https://examples.yourdictionary.com/exa
mples -of -ethos -logos -and -pathos.html
Thank you for active participation!

HAZEL Q. ALANZALON, LPT

Instructor 1
Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation
Senior High School Department