Cohesive Nouns

Gap-fill exercise

Fill in all the gaps in the sentences with the most appropriate cohesive noun.

challenge discussion endeavour explanation failure pattern phenomenon question

solution standpoint trend uncertainty

1.) However the extent to which governments are really committed to these policies is an open
_______________ , discussed in Chapters 11 and 12.

2.) Part of the explanation for this________________ to act in time is that not enough information about
investment plans is available to the market.

3.) The _________________to academic painting that impressionism posed was both in terms of form
and in content.

4.) This reflects the operation of isovolumetric weathering, that is, weathering accomplished without any
change in volume. This is probably a very common _________________ .

5.) But the general _______________ in most countries is towards legal modernization, and hence the
transformation of the 'friend versus foe' logic of the power field into the true/false logic of the
autonomous scientific field.

6.) Richard Titmuss was the outstanding exponent of the liberal socialist ______________ on the study of
social policy;

7.) An _______________ of the error codes can be found in Appendix G or by pressing the HELP key.

8.) Conversely, the reverse _______________ was found for single women who had given birth who were
five times more likely to be local authority tenants rather than owner-occupiers.

9.) In his ________________ of the parts played by people of exceptional talent he simply asserts that
these individual capacities are to be explained as the result of social circumstances.

10.) The study indicated that a nested approach should be used in which optimizing programs are available
for the _______________ of well understood design problems.

11.) The world of dreams, with its irrational juxtaposition of images, challenged the constructivist
__________________ to build a new, modern, geometry.

12.) Consequently, there is real _________________ about the outcome of the large experiments that
are now about to start.

Reference and Substitution

Gap-fill exercise

Fill in all the gaps with the reference words and those used for substitution in the sentences.

ones such that the same these This those to do so

1.) According to Roman law, no one could bear arms except those entitled___________ , the only
exception being hunting weapons.

2.) The appearance of later stages is usually a development from earlier ___________ using the same
components, and not a radical replacement.
3.) It must be borne in mind that the majority of ___________ data have been derived from subjects
younger than 65 years (Koch-Weser, 1978).

4.) Simple matrices similar to ____________ employed to good effect in many of the studies described in
this book can also be of benefit;

5.) Harris and South Uist are so moist that even in summer (April-September) there is a PWS of over 500
mm. _______________ is related to the fact that rainfall increases with altitude.

6.) Animals _____________ look similar are classified together, and not only that, they are also closely
related in an evolutionary sense (or put another way, they share a common ancestor).

7.) The results of the tests show that there are still substantial levels of discrimination and that levels of
discrimination against Indians, Pakistanis and West Indians are much _______________.

8.) 17th century male dancers were trained to dance female roles and were often called upon
_______________ in serious works, costumed in such a way as to disguise their gender.

9.) Perhaps, then, men find women's conversation difficult to follow, and since they are the powerful
group, they can deal with their incomprehension by defining women's behaviour as deviant and wrong -
"illogical" is just their word for _______________.

10.) This, however, seems to him the condemnation of such uses of the words and _____________ forms
of moral judgement.

Lexical cohesion

Reference

Identify the references in the following texts:

Exercise 1

Every organization, as soon as it gets to any size (perhaps 1,000 people), begins to feel a need to
systematize its management of human assets. Perhaps the pay scales have got way out of line, with
apparently similar-level jobs paying very different amounts; perhaps there is a feeling that there are a lot
of neglected skills in the organization that other departments could utilize if they were aware that they
existed. Perhaps individuals have complained that they don't know where they stand or what their future
is; perhaps the unions have requested standardized benefits and procedures. Whatever the historical
origins, some kind of central organization, normally named a personnel department, is formed to put
some system into the haphazardry. The systems that they adopt are often modelled on the world of
production, because that is the world with the best potential for order and system.

Substitution and ellipsis

Identify examples of substitution and ellipsis in this text:

Exercise 2

The human memory system is remarkably efficient, but it is of course extremely fallible. That being so, it
makes sense to take full advantage of memory aids to minimize the disruption caused by such lapses. If
external aids are used, it is sensible to use them consistently and systematically - always put appointments
in your diary, always add wanted items to a shopping list, and so on. If you use internal aids such as
mnemonics, you must be prepared to invest a reasonable amount of time in mastering them and
practising them. Mnemonics are like tools and cannot be used until forged. Overall, however, as William
James pointed out (the italics are mine): 'Of two men with the same outward experiences and the same
amount of mere native tenacity, the one who thinks over his experiences most and weaves them into
systematic relations with each other will be the one with the best memory.'

Identify examples of lexical cohesion in the following texts:

Exercise 1

The clamour of complaint about teaching in higher education and, more especially, about teaching
methods in universities and technical colleges, serves to direct attention away from the important
reorientation which has recently begun. The complaints, of course, are not unjustified. In dealing piece-
meal with problems arising from rapidly developing subject matter, many teachers have allowed courses
to become over-crowded, or too specialized, or they have presented students with a number of
apparently unrelated courses failing to stress common principles. Many, again, have not developed new
teaching methods to deal adequately with larger numbers of students, and the new audio-visual
techniques tend to remain in the province of relatively few enthusiasts despite their great potential for
class and individual teaching.

Conjunction

Identify examples of conjunction in the following texts:

Exercise 1

These two forms of dissent coalesced in the demand for a stronger approach to the Tory nostrum of tariff
reform. In addition, trouble threatened from the mercurial figure of Winston Churchill, who had resigned
from the Shadow Cabinet in January 1931 in protest at Baldwin's acceptance of eventual self-government
for India.

Exercise 2

These two sets of rules, though distinct, must not be looked upon as two co-ordinate and independent
systems. On the contrary, the rules of Equity are only a sort of supplement or appendix to the Common
Law; they assume its existence but they add something further.