SCIENCE

LESSON 1: The Cardiovascular and Respiratory System

Human Respiratory System

Functions:

– Works closely with circulatory system, exchanging gases between air and blood:

• Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood (for cellular respiration).

• Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood (waste product from
cellular respiration).

STRUCTURE:

• Nose

• Pharynx

• Larynx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveoli
Human Respiratory System Organs

Nose: Air enters nostrils, is filtered by hairs, warmed, moistened, and sampled for odors as it flows
through a maze of nasal passages.

. Pharynx (Throat): Intersection where pathway for air and food cross. Most of the time, the pathway
for air is open, except when we swallow.

Larynx (Voice Box): Reinforced with cartilage. Contains vocal cords, which allow us to make sounds by
voluntarily tensing muscles.

– High pitched sounds: Vocal cords are tense, vibrate fast.

– Low pitched sounds: Vocal cords are relaxed, vibrate slowly.

– More prominent in males (Adam’s apple).

Trachea (Windpipe): Rings of cartilage maintain shape of trachea, to prevent it from closing. Forks into
two bronchi.

Bronchi (Sing. Bronchus): Each bronchus leads into a lung and branches into smaller and smaller
bronchioles, resembling an inverted tree.

Bronchioles: Fine tubes that allow passage of air. Epithelium of bronchioles is covered with cilia and
mucus to trap and remove dust and other particles.

Alveoli: air sacs at the end of bronchioles where gas exchange takes place.

Alveoli are grouped in clusters.

A network of capillaries surrounds each alveolus.

Pulmonary Artery (BLUE)

Pulmonary Vein (RED)

Capillaries (between the two)

Gas exchange takes place in the alveoli.

Oxygen diffuses into the blood.

Carbon dioxide in the blood diffuses into the alveolus.

Oxygen is for respiration.

In biology, respiration means different things.

Cellular respiration is the release of energy from the breakdown of food in the presence of oxygen
At the organism level, respiration is the process of gas exchange - the release of carbon dioxide and the
uptake of oxygen that occurs between RBCs and alveoli

Breathing is the actual mechanical intake of air.

-During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and the rib cage rises up.

-This expands the volume of the chest cavity.

-The chest cavity is sealed, so this creates a partial vacuum inside the cavity.

-Atmospheric pressure fills the lungs as air rushes into the breathing passages.

-Often exhaling is a passive event.

-When the rib cage lowers and the diaphragm relaxes, pressure in the chest cavity is greater than
atmospheric pressure.

-Air is pushed out of the lungs.

Diseases of the Respiratory System

• Asthma: Condition in which breathing is impaired by constriction of bronchi and bronchioles,

cough, and thick mucus secretions. The severity and incidence of asthma has risen dramatically
in recent years, especially in children. May be fatal if not treated.

Causes: Attacks may be precipitated by inhalation of allergens (e.g.: pollen, cats, and cockroach
proteins), pollutants, infection, or emotional stress.

Treatment: Alleviates symptoms (e.g.: immuno-suppressors, bronchodilators), but is not a cure.

• Bronchitis: Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi. May present with cough,
fever, chest or back pain, and fatigue.

Causes: Associated with smoking, pollution, and bacterial or viral infections.

• Pneumonia: Acute inflammation of the lungs. Symptoms include high fever, chills, headache,
cough, and chest pain.

Causes: Bacterial, fungal, or viral infections.

Treatment: Antibiotics or other antimicrobials.

• Emphysema: Permanent and irreversible destruction of alveolar walls, resulting in loss of lung
elasticity and gas exchange surface.

Symptoms include shortness of breath, difficulty exhaling, cough, weakness, anxiety, confusion,
heart failure, lung edema (swelling), and respiratory failure.
 Causes: Smoking, pollution, old age, and infections.

Treatment: Oxygen to help breathing. No cure.

• Lung Cancer: Cancerous growth that invades and destroys lung tissue. Very high fatality rate.

Symptoms include bloody sputum, persistent cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and
repeated attacks of bronchitis or pneumonia.

Causes: Smoking (50% of all cases) and pollution (radon, asbestos). Smokers are 10 times more
likely to develop lung cancer than nonsmokers.

Treatment: Surgery is most effective, but only 50% of all lung cancers are operable by time of
detection. Other treatments include radiation and chemotherapy.

The Circulatory System AKA Cardiovascular System

Circulate blood throughout entire body for

– Transport of oxygen to cells

– Transport of CO2 away from cells

– Transport of nutrients (glucose) to cells

– Movement of immune system components (cells, antibodies)

– Transport of endocrine gland secretions

• Heart is the pump

• Arteries and veins are main tubes (plumbing)

– Arteries Away from Heart

– Veins to Heart

• Capillaries is where diffusion happens (oxygen, CO2, and glucose diffuse in or out of blood)

• Blood – transports material to every cell of the body

3 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELS

Artery - Arteries have strong, muscular walls to carry blood away from the heart.

Veins -Veins carry blood towards the heart.

 Capillaries -they exchange materials between the blood and other body cells.

BLOOD

• RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in
the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells.

• WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious
agents called pathogens.

• PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and
vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.

• PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot
together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

• The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of
their body weight.

• Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries
carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also
fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy.

• There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red
blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.

Genetics of Blood Types

• These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on
the surface of all of your red blood cells.

A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line
in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious
injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an
illness.

Rh Factors

• Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because
there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a
certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people.
Other people, however, do not have the protein.
Cardiovascular Disorders

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Western countries.

Hemophilia is an inherited clotting disorder due to a deficiency in a clotting factor that produces
abnormal bleeding.

Bumps and falls cause bleeding in the joints; cartilage degeneration and resorption of bone can follow.

The most frequent cause of death is bleeding into the brain with accompanying neurological damage.

Atherosclerosis is due to a build-up of fatty material (plaque), mainly cholesterol, under the inner lining
of arteries.

The plaque can cause a thrombus (blood clot) to form.

The thrombus can dislodge and lead to the bursting of a blood vessel.

Stroke results when an embolus lodges in a cerebral blood vessel or a cerebral blood vessel bursts; a
portion of the brain dies due to lack of oxygen.

Heart attack occurs when a portion of heart muscle dies due to lack of oxygen.

Aneurysm is a ballooning of a blood vessel, usually in the abdominal aorta or arteries leading to the
brain.

Death results if the aneurysm is in a large vessel and the vessel bursts.

Atherosclerosis and hypertension weaken blood vessels over time, increasing the risk of aneurysm.

A coronary bypass operation involves removing a segment of another blood vessel and replacing a
clogged coronary artery.

It may be possible to replace this surgery with gene therapy that stimulates new blood vessels to grow
where the heart needs more blood flow.

Angioplasty uses a long tube threaded through an arm or leg vessel to the point where the coronary
artery is blocked; inflating the tube forces the vessel open. Stents are put in place to keep it open.

Stents are small metal pieces that are expanded inside the artery to keep it open.

Stents are coated with heparin to prevent blood clotting and with chemicals to prevent arterial closing.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS

consists of:

-lymphatic vessels

- lymphoid tissues

-lymphoid organs

The main function

- collect excess large particles and tissue fluid.

Special lymph capillaries --- Lacteals

- collect digested fats ( in chylomicrons)

Valves are present to prevent backflow.

Lymphedema- blockage of lymph drainage.

Elephantiasis – blockage by parasitic worms.

LYMPHOID TISSUE

- diffusely located throughout body in all organs

- contains germinal centers with dense population of B lymphocytes

- houses macrophages

- Function: host defense

LYMPHOID ORGANS

Lymph Nodes

Spleen

Thymus

Tonsils

Function:

host defense- eliminates abnormal (sick, aged, or cancerous) cells and pathogens.

Swollen lymph nodes is caused by expansion in the number of lymphocytes

.Spleen

- site for immune surveillance and response

- removes debris, foreign matter, toxins, bacteria, viruses, old blood cells

- readily subject to rupture from mechanical trauma

Thymus

- site of maturation of T lymphocytes

- secretes hormones (thymopoietin and thymosins)

- critical role in childhood

Tonsils - trap and destroy bacteria

Defenses Against Pathogens

• 1) Nonspecific defenses - broadly effective, no prior exposure

1) external barriers

2) inflammation

3) fever

• 2) Specific defense - results from prior exposure, protects against only a particular
pathogen

• immune system

1)External Barriers – mucous membranes

2)Non Specific Immunity – Inflammation - defensive response to tissue injury

2)Inflammation- cardinal signs

- redness (erythema) caused by hyperemia ( blood flow)

-swelling (edema) caused by  capillary permeability and filtration
-heat caused by hyperemia
-pain caused by inflammatory chemicals and pressure on nerves

3)Fever

4)Specific Immunity
Antibodies and Antigens

1) Antibody – Y-shaped immunoglobins created to bind to various antigen-biding sites

2) Antigen – any molecule that triggers an immune response. Generally large and complex, making it
distinguishable from self.

Cellular Immunity

• Types of T cells

1) helper T cells (CD4)

2) cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

3) suppressor T cells

4) memory T cells

Helper T cells are involved in most aspects of immunity

Immune System Disorders

• Hypersensitivity

• Autoimmune Disease

• Immunodeficiency Diseases

SCID – Severe combined immunodeficiency disease

AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency diseases

LESSON 3: TRAITS AND GENETICS

Principles of genetics were developed in the mid 19th century by Gregor Mendel an Austrian Monk.

Gregor experimented with pea plants, by crossing various strains and observing the characteristics of
their offspring.

Pea color (Green, yellow) Flower color (purple, white)

Pea shape (round, wrinkled) Plant height (tall, short)

Pea shape (round, wrinkled)

  Genetics: The scientific study of heredity

 Genes: Point on a chromosome that controls the trait.

 Allele: Alternate forms of a gene/factor. A or a

 Genotype: combination of alleles an organism has. (genetic traits)

 Phenotype: How an organism appears. (physical traits)

 Dominant: An allele which is expressed (masks the other).

 Recessive: An allele which is present but remains unexpressed (masked)

 Homozygous: Both alleles for a trait are the same.

 Heterozygous: The organism's alleles for a trait are different.

 Probability : The mathematical chance that an event will happen.

 Meiosis :The cell division that produces sex cells.

 Mutation : A change in the type or order of the bases in an organism DNA: deletion, insertion or
substitution.

 Natural Selection : The process by which organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce
at a higher rate than organisms without favorable traits.

 Evolution :The process by which population accumulate inherited changes over time.

GENOTYPE: The gene combination

 Homozygous – Pure dominate or pure recessive

 Heterozygous – Hybrid a mixed

PHEOTYPE :The physical appearance

 Dominate trait

 Recessive trait

 Combination of two traits (incomplete dominance)

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE : Occurs when two inherited traits combine and show up as a third trait.

Dihybrid crosses are made when phenotypes and genotypes composed of 2 independent alleles are
analyzed.
FILIPINO

LESSON 1: Maikling Kuwento

Edgar Allan Poe- tinuturing na “Ama ng Maikling Kuwento”

Deogracias A. Rosario- tinuturing na “Ama ng Maikling Kuwentong Pilipino”

Maikling Kuwento- ang panitikang likha ng guni-guni at bungang isip na hango sa isang tunay na
pangyayari sa buhay.

BAHAGI NG BALANGKAS KUWENTO

Panimula – maaaring magpakilala sa mga tauhan o paglalarawan ng tagpuan o pangyayari

Papataas na Aksyon- nagbibigay ng maaksyong tagpo sa kuwento

Kasukdulan (Climax) – pinakakapana panabik na bahagi

Pababang Aksyon – nagpapakita ng paglunas ng suliranin

Wakas – katapusan o kinahinatnan ng tauhan

Dagli- isang uri ng panitikan na sadyang maikli lamang.

Liao Chan - ina ng magkapatid na Siao-lan at Ah Yue, nasa 25 na taong gulang, kasalukuyang
nagdadalang tao, sya ay may sugat sa noo na dulot ng pagkakapalo ng matigas na bagay.

Li Hua - ang tatay ng magkaptid at asawa ni Lian-chiao, palaging nsagsusugal at darating na galit na galit
sa twing gagabihin

Siao-lan - anak na babae, 3 taon gulang

Ah Yue - maaring nasa edad na 6 o 7

APAN

LESSON 1: Ekonomiks

Mga Layunin
1.Nailalahad ang konsepto ng Ekonomiks sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay.
2.Nasusuri ang kasaysayan at ang kaugnayan nito sa ibang mga agham.

3. Natataya ang kahalagahan ng ekonomiks sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay ng bawat pamilya at ng

lipunan.
- Ang ekonomiks ay nagmula sa salitang Griyego na “Oikonomia” kung saan ang kahulugan ng ‘oikos’ ay
sambahayan at ‘nomos’ ay pamamahala.

KAHULUGAN NG EKONOMIKS

1.Agham Panlipunan

2.Kilos at Asal

3.Walang katapusang pangangailangan ng tao

4.Sistemang Pangekonomiya

5.Limitadong Resorses

MGA KONSEPTO NA NAKAPALOOB SA EKONOMIKS

Limitadong Yaman

Walang Katapusang Pangangailangan

Ekonomiks

KASAYSAYAN

>ADAM SMITH [1776]

-doktrina ng kapitalismo

-pamilihan ang magsasaayos ng mga pagdedesisyon sa pagbebenta at pamimili.

-may akda ng “An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nation”

- isinabog ang salitang “Laissez-Faire”

>DAVID RICARDO

-mas kikita at magiging mabilis ang pag unlad ng isang bansa kung ang kalakal na kanyang iluluwas ay
yaong mas mura nyang nilikha

-Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns

-Law of Comparative Advantage

>KARL MARX

-sistemang sosyalista

-ang pamamahala ang may lubos na control sa ekonomiya ng bansa

-Ama ng Komunismo
-sumulat ng Das Kapital

-sumulat ng Communist Manifesto

-naniniwala sa pagkakataon ng pagkapantay pantay ng mga tao sa lipunan

>JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES

-Ama ng Makroekonomiks

-Father of Modern Employment

-Sumulat ng General Theory of Employment, Interest, and money

>THOMAS ROBERT MALTHUS

-binigyang diin ang mabilis na paglago ng populasyon

- Malthusian Theory

Social Choice at Economic Decision- ang lahat ng pagpipili at pagdededisisyon na ginagawa ng isang
indibidwal at pamahalaan.

1. Economic Goods- Ang lahat ng mga bagay ay may presyo.

2. Free Goods- mga bagay na nakakamit ng tao nang walang bayad.

3. Social choice- ang pagpapasyang ginagawa ng pamahalaan upang matugunan ang mga
pangangailangan ng lipunan.

4. Opportunity Cost- Ang isinasakripisyong halaga ng isang bagay upang bigyang-daan ang higit na
mas makabuluhang paggagamitan nito.

5. . Trade-Off - Kapag isinakripisyo ang pagbili ng isang bagay upang makabili ng ibang produkto.

KAUGNAYAN NG EKONOMIKS SA IBA PANG AGHAM

AGHAM PAMPOLITIKA - Ang pag pag-aaral ng mga balangkas o estruktura ng pamahalaan, mga
tungkulin, responsibilidad, at mga batas na itinakda ng pamahalaan.

KASAYSAYAN- Ang mga nagawang pagpupunyagi na ginawa ng mga tao sa ibat-ibang panahon.

SOSYOLOHIYA- Ang pag-aaral ng pinagmulan at estruktura ng ating lipunan.

Etika- May kinalaman sa moralidad at paggawa ng tama o mali sa buhay.

Heograpiya- Ang pag-aaral ng mga katangiang pisikal ng bansa, ang klima, pinagkukunang yaman, at iba
pang aspektong pisikal ng mga tao.
Natural Sciences- Ang pang-unawa sa mga kaganapan sa ating kapaligiran at sa ating kalikasan.

Biyolohiya- Ang pag-aaral sa mga bagay na may buhay tulad ng tao, halaman, hayop, at iba pa.

Kemistri- Ang pag-aaral sa ibat-ibang kemikal na kailangan sa paglikha ng isang bagay.

Pisika- Ang pag-aaral ng mga bagay at enerhiya.

Matematika- Saklaw ng pag-aaral ang ukol sa numero, tsart, grap, at pagbuo ng mathematical formula o
mathematical equations.

PINAGKUKUNANG YAMAN - Ang kayamanan at biyaya mula sa kalikasan at mga bagay na gawa ng tao
na ginagamit sa produksiyon ng mga bagaybagay, na siyang tutugon sa mga pangangailangan ng tao
para sa kanyang kabuhayan, kasiyahan, at kagalingan.

Yamang Likas

Yamang Tao

Yamang Kapital

Upang mabuo ang mga Produkto at Serbisyo

MGA PINAGKUKUNANG YAMAN SA PILIPINAS

Yamang Gubat

Yamang Tubig

Yamang Lupa

Yamang Mineral

Yamang Enerhiya

YAMANG LUPA

-300,000 km kwadrado

-25% kagubatan

Kagubatan

Mababang lugar – Mangroves, Beech, Molave

Mataas na lugar- Pine, Moss, Mahogany

Matatagpuan sa Bansa- Narra, Bamboo

BAHAGING GINAGAWA NG PAMAHALAAN SA PAGSAGIP SA KAGUBATAN.

Luntiang Pilipinas - Hinihikayat ang kabataan na magtanim ng puno sa kapaligiran.

Green Peace Environment- Naglalayong maging luntian at kaaya-aya ang kapaligiran

Reforestation o pagtatanim muli ng mga puno sa kagubatan.

Ang Priority Protected Areas sa ating bansa:

-Mt Isarog National Park, Bicol

-El Nido Marine Reserve, Palawan

MGA BATAS AT PROGRAMA NG PAMAHALAAN SA PAGPAPANATILI NG YAMANG GUBAT

DENR( Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Ang nangangasiwa sa kalagayan ng likas na
yaman ng bansa.

1.Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines

-Ammended Executive Order no. 277, s. 1987 ng Presidential Decree No.75

-Paghingi ng pahintulot o permit sa pagputol, pangunguha, pangunguha o pangongolekta ng puno.

2. Log Ban

Executive Order no. 23, s. 2011 o Moraturium of cutting and harvesting of timber in the natural and
residual forests and creation of anti-illegal logging tasks force.

Pansamantalang paghinto ng pagputol at pagkuha ng mga punongkahoy upang matugunan ang suliranin
ng deforestation sa bansa na maaring humantong sa baha o pagguho ng lupa

3. National Greening Program

Ang NGP ay naghahangad na magtanim ng mahigil 1.5 bilyong puno sa mahigit 1.5 milyong ektarya ng
lupa sa loob ng anim na taon mula 2011 hanggang 2016.

Paghihikayat na magtanim ng mga panibagong puno upang mapalitan ang mga nawalang puno na dulot
ng ilegal na pagpuputol ng mga ito.

YAMANG TUBIG

-1.67 milyong km kwadrado

-isa sa mga sentro ng pangisdaan sa daigdig

Mga Suliranin:

Polusyon

Pagkasira ng Coral Reefs

Pagkawala ng Yamang Dagat

Mga Sanhi ng Suliranin:

Kawalan ng Disiplina at Malasakit

Kakulangan sa Kaalaman

Hindi lubusang pagpapatupad ng mga batas ukol sa pangangalaga ng likas na yaman

MGA AHENSIYA SA PAG-IINGAT AT PAGPAPALAGO NG YAMANG TUBIG

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources( BFAR) ay responsible sa pamamahala, pangangalaga at

pagpapabuti ng Yamng tubig. Nasa ilalim ng Department of Agriculture( DA)

Department of Science and Technology( DOST) ay namamahala sa siyentipiko at teknolohikal na gawain

upang mapaunlad ang pamumuhay ng mga pilipino kasama rito ang pagsusuri at pag-aaral ng yamang
tubig ng bansa.

Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center( SEAFDEC) ay isang intergovernmental na ahensiya na

nais mapanatili at mapaunlad ang yamang tubig ng mga bansa sa pamamagitan ng pagtayo ng research
station upang mapag-aralan at makapagpanukala ng mga hakbangin ukol dito.

MGA BATAS NA DAPAT IPATUPAD UPANG MAPANGALAGAAN ANG YAMANG TUBIG.

Republic Act 7160 o Local Government Code ng Pilipinas na nagpapatupad ng batas sa sanitasyon at
kalinisan sa kapaligiran.

Republic Act 3931 Batas na nagbabawal at nagpaparusa sa sinumang nagtatapon sa tubig na

magdudulot ng polusyon sa nasabing likas na yaman.

Presedential Decree 948 Batas na sumusog sa R.A 3931 at nagbigay daan na pagtatatag ng Pollution
Control Law na naguutos ng pagtitipon at pangongolekta ng mga solidong bagay na itinatapon sa ilog at
ibang anyong tubig.

Executive Order 54 ang nagtatag ng Pasig River Rehabilitation Center Commisson na pangunahing
layunin ay linisin, sagipin at buhayin muli ang Ilog Pasig na isang makasaysayang ilog sa bansa.
YAMANG MINERAL

Republic Act 7942 An Act Instituting a New System of Mineral Resources Exploration, Development,
Utilization, and Conversation

Mga Uri ng Mineral

Metal- Ginto Tanso Pilak Nikel Bakal Metal

Di-metal- Marmol Sulphur Aluminyo Clay Jade Asbestos Asoge Limestone

MGA SULIRANIN

Kakulangan sa makabagong teknolohiya ang maliit na kompanya

Quarrying o ilegal na pagmimina

YAMANG ENERHIYA

- Uri ng lakas na ginagamit upang mapaandar at maging kapakipakinabang ang isang bagay

HYDRO-ELECTRIC ENERGY- enerhiyang mula sa tubig

SOLAR ENERGY- nagmula sa init ng araw

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY- Ang init na nagmumula sa ilalim ng lupa

DENDROTHERMAL ENERGY- Buhat sa singaw na likha ng mga nasusunog na kahoy

FOSSIL FUELS- mula sa labi ng mga tuyong halaman at hayop.

WIND ENERGY- windmill

NUKLEYAR ENERGY

YAMANG TAO NG PILIPINAS

Yamang Tao > Populasyon> Lakas Paggawa

Demograpiya- agham na nag aaral ng balangkas ng populasyon

Population Growth= Present-Previous/Previous x 100

MGA TEORYA NG POPULASYON

1. Microeconomic Theory of Fertility

2. Malthusian Theory
3. Demographic Transition Theory

4. Micro Economic Theory of Fertility

LFPR= ______Labor Force_________ x 100

Working Age Population

EMPLOYMENT RATE= Employed/Labor Force x 100

UNDEREMPLOYMENT RATE = UNDEREMPLOYED/EMPLOYED x 100

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE = UNEMPLOYMENT/LABOR FORCE x 100

UNEMPLOYMENT

1. Frictional- nagaganap kapag ang indibidwal ay lumipat ng trabaho mula sa ibang trabaho.

2. Cyclical- nagaganap kapag may krisis sa ekonomiya. Ang mga industriya ay nagtatanggal ng mga
manggagawa.

3. Seasonal- nagaganap ang pagkawala ng trabaho bunga ng pagbabago ng panahon at okasyon.

4. Structural- nagaganap kapag ang mga manggagawa ay nawalan ng trabaho bunga ng pagliit ng
industriya sanhi ng makabagong teknolohiya at pagbaabgo sa panlasa ng mga mamimili.

PRODUKTIBONG MANGGAGAWA

• Edukasyon

• Kapital at Makabagong Teknolohiya

• Kalusugan

YAMANG KAPITAL - Mga mga bagay na nilikha ng tao upang makatulong sa paglikha ng mga produkto

MGA URI:

1. Pirmihan- ginagamit ng pirmihan at sa mahabang panahon gaya ng kagamitang trasportasyon.

2. Espesyal- ginagamit sa isang tanging layunin lamang, halimbawa ang pagtatahi ng tela.

3. Iniikot- ginagamit ng isang ulit lamang tulad ng gusali.

4. Produktibo- ginagamit upang makalika ng ibang produkto tulad ng tela na gamit sa paggawa ng
damit.

Capital Goods- mga produkto na ginagamit upang makalikha ng ibang produkto na kailangan ng
ekonomiya.

Depresasyon- tawag sa unti-unting pagkaluma at pagkasira ng isang bagay.

A. Tanda ng pagsulong ng bansa.

B. Kailangan sa pagpapabilis at pagpaparami ng produksyon.

C. Pamalit sa mga naluluma at nasisirang yamang kapital.

PRODUKTIBIDAD- Ang mahusay na paggamit ng mga pinagkukunang yaman upang makalikha ng mga
produkto at serbisyo.

KASAYSAYAN NG EKONOMIKS

Pangangaso at Pangingisda ang pangunahing hanapbuhay

Pagpapastol at Pagtatanim

Paggamit ng Kamay at Paggamit ng Makinarya

Bago Dumating ang mga Kastila

Panahon ng mga Kastila

 Komplikado ang sistemang barter

 Spanish Barilla= Isang sentimo

 Paggamit ng bagong teknolohiya

 Nagbabayad ng Buwis

 Pagbabayad ng Real, isang perang espanyol

 Indio tawag sa mga purong Pilipino.

 Meztizo=Ama ay Tsino, Ina ay Pilipino

 Pagbibili ng Pueblo ng ilang produkto sa pamahalaan.

 Iipunin at dadlhin ng Galeon sa Acapulco, Mexico. ( 16-siglo hanggang 1815)

 Reales Compras, ang salaping pambayad sa binibiling produkto sa galeon.

 Pagbibigay ng kontribusyon sa Simbahan ng mga Pilipino

 Polo y servicios o forced labor ng 40 araw.

 Jose’ Basco y Vargas isang kastilang gobernador heneral na gumawa ng programa ukol sa
ekonomiya ng bansa.

 Encomienda o pagpaparehistro ng lupa.

PANAHON NG AMERIKANO

 Dumating noong 1898

 Umunlad ang pagtatanim ng abaka, tabako, asukal, palay, at ibp.

 Payne Aldrich Act

 Underwood Simmons Tariff Act

 Umunlad ang industriya

PANAHON NG KOMONWELT

• Batas Tydings-McDuffie( 1934)

• Asemblea Nasyonal ng Commonwealth Act No.2

• National Development Company

• National Power Corporation

• Umusbong ang pagmimina ng Ginto

PANAHON NG HAPONES

 Pagdating at pagpasok ng digmaan noong 1942, humirap at bumagsak ang ekonomiya.

 Nagkaroon ng kakapusan sa mga pangunahing pangangailangan.

PANAHON NG REPUBLIKA

Idineklara ang kasarinlan muli noong 1946.

- Pagbangon sa bumagsak na Ekonomiya

Manuel A. Roxas(1946-1948)

• Tenant Farming- 70% ng ani ay mapupunta sa may-ari ng lupa at ang natitira sa magsasaka

• Parity Rights- pantay na paglinang sa likas na yaman ng Pilipinas ng mga Amerikano at

Pilipino.

Elpidio Quirino(1948-1953)

• Patakarang Pangkabuhayan

• May kakayahan ang Pilipino na magsarili sa pagtugon ng pangangailangan.

• Import Control Act ng 1950, paghihigpit ng BSP sa pagpasok ng dayuhang produkto.

Ramon Magsaysay(1954-1957)

• Pinabuti ang kalagayan ng mga baryo

• Land Reform Act

• NARRA( National Ressetlement and Rehabilitation Act upang bigyan ang walang lupain at
paunlarin ang hangganan ng lupa lalo sa Palawan at Mindanao.

Carlos P. Garcia(1957-1961)

• Patakarang “Pilipino Muna”

• Retail Natonalization Retail Act na nagpapahintulot sa mga negosyanteng magbenta ng

patingi-tingi lamang.

• Austerity Program na layunin nito na ang mga Pilipino ay magtipid.

• Dekontrol ang patakarang ekonomiya dahil sa pagkontrol ng produktong iniaangkat at

salaping dayuhan na nagkaroon ng depisit sa pandaigdigang bayarin ng Pilipinas.

• R.A 1963 No. 3844 ng 1963 ang Agricultural Land Reform Code.

Ferdinand E. Marcos (1966-1986)

• Nanungkulan ng 20 taon.

• Presidential Decree No.27 na ang pag-mamay-ari ng lupa ay hanggamg 7 ektarya lamang.

• Masagana 99 noong 1973 bilang sagot sa krisis ng bigas.

• 1 Ektarya= 99 na kaban o 4,900 kilong bigas

Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)

• Nanumbalik ang demokrasya.

• Pagsasapribado ng korporasyong dating pagmamay-ari sa pamahalaan.

• Presidential Commission on Good government na naglalayong makuha ang ninanakaw sa

bayan, magsagawa ng imbestigasyon at magpigil sa korupsiyon.

Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)

• Aktibong paggalaw ng ekonomiya sa bansa.

• Patakarang nagtatanggal sa monopolyo.

• Newly-industrialized country ang tuon.

Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2001)

• NAPC( National Anti-Poverty Commission) upang tugunan ang pangunahing

pangangailangan ng mahihirap.

• VFA ( Visiting Forces Agreement) kasunduan sa pagitan ng US at Pilipinas para sa military

exercises.

Gloria Macapagal Arroyo(2001-2010)

• Nakatuon sa ekonomiya ng bansa.

• E- VAT( Expanded Value Added Tax) Nobyembre 2005 na bigyan ng malaking depisit ang
badyet ng bansa.

• Pinagtibay ang relasyon sa U.S, bansa sa Silangan at mga dinadayo ng OFW

• Ang GDP ay 4.7 porsyento.

Benigno Aquino (2010-2016)

Rodrigo Duterte (2016-Present)