The Cardiovascular and

Respiratory Systems
Human Respiratory System

Functions:
Works closely with circulatory
system, exchanging gases
between air and blood:
 Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to blood
(for cellular respiration).
 Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from blood
(waste product from cellular respiration).
Structure

 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Alveoli
Human Respiratory System Organs

1. Nose: Air
enters nostrils
then filtered by
hairs, warmed,
moistened, and
sampled for
odors as it flows
through a maze
of nasal
passages.
Human Respiratory System Organs

2. Pharynx
(Throat):
Intersection
where pathway
for air and food
cross. Most of the
time, the pathway
for air is open,
except when we
swallow.
3. Larynx (Voice
Box): Reinforced
with cartilage.
Contains vocal
cords, which
allow us to make
sounds by
voluntarily
tensing muscles.
Human Respiratory System

4. Trachea
(Windpipe): Rings
of cartilage
maintain shape of
trachea, to
prevent it from
closing. Forks
into two bronchi.
Human Respiratory System

5. Bronchi: Each
bronchus leads
into a lung and
branches into
smaller and
smaller
bronchioles,
resembling an
inverted tree.
Human Respiratory System

6. Bronchioles: Fine
tubes that allow
passage of air.
Epithelium of
bronchioles is
covered with cilia
and mucus to trap
and remove dust
and other
particles.
Human Respiratory System

7 . Alveoli: air
sacs at the end
of bronchioles
where gas
exchange takes
place.
The Human Respiratory System

 Alveoli are grouped in clusters.

 A network of capillaries
surrounds each alveolus. Pulmonary
artery

Pulmonary
vein

Capillaries
Gas Exchange
 Gas exchange takes place
O2
in the alveoli.
 Oxygen diffuses into the
blood.
CO2
 Carbon dioxide in the blood
diffuses into the alveolus.

Let’s examine th
is up close

Capillary
How does the body use
oxygen?
Oxygen is for respiration.
 In biology, respiration means different things.
 Cellular respiration is the release of energy
from the breakdown of food in the presence
of oxygen

 At the organism level, respiration is the

process of gas exchange - the release of
carbon dioxide and the uptake of oxygen that
occurs between RBCs and alveoli

 Breathing is the actual mechanical intake of

air
How the Lungs Work
BREATHING
Lungs are sealed in
pleural membranes
inside the chest
cavity.
At the bottom of
the cavity is a
large, flat muscle
known as the
diaphragm.
 How the Lungs Work

 During inhalation, the

diaphragm contracts and
the rib cage rises up.
 This expands the volume
of the chest cavity.
 The chest cavity is
sealed, so this creates a
partial vacuum inside
the cavity.
How the Lungs Work
 Often exhaling is a
Air Exhaled
passive event.
 When the rib cage lowers
Rib cage
and the diaphragm
lowers
relaxes

Exhalation
Parts of the Respiratory
system
 Diseases of the Respiratory
System
 Asthma: Condition in which breathing is
impaired by constriction of bronchi and
bronchioles, cough, and thick mucus
secretions. The severity and incidence of
asthma has risen dramatically in recent
years, especially in children. May be fatal if
not treated.
Causes: Attacks may be precipitated by
inhalation of allergens (e.g.: pollen, cats,
and cockroach proteins), pollutants,
infection, or emotional stress.
Treatment: Alleviates symptoms (e.g.:
immuno-suppressors, bronchodilators), but is
not a cure.
 Bronchitis: Inflammation of the mucous
membranes of the bronchi. May present
with cough, fever, chest or back pain, and
fatigue.
Causes: Associated with smoking, pollution,
and bacterial or viral infections.

 Pneumonia: Acute inflammation of the

lungs. Symptoms include high fever, chills,
headache, cough, and chest pain.
Causes: Bacterial, fungal, or viral infections.
Treatment: Antibiotics or other
antimicrobials.
 Emphysema: Permanent and irreversible
destruction of alveolar walls, resulting in loss
of lung elasticity and gas exchange surface.
Symptoms include shortness of breath,
difficulty exhaling, cough, weakness,
anxiety, confusion, heart failure, lung edema
(swelling), and respiratory failure.
Causes: Smoking, pollution, old age, and
infections.
Treatment: Oxygen to help breathing. No
cure.
 Lung Cancer: Cancerous growth that invades
and destroys lung tissue. Very high fatality
rate.
Symptoms include bloody sputum, persistent
cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, and
repeated attacks of bronchitis or pneumonia.
Causes: Smoking (50% of all cases) and
pollution (radon, asbestos). Smokers are 10
times more likely to develop lung cancer
than nonsmokers.
Treatment: Surgery is most effective, but
only 50% of all lung cancers are operable by
time of detection. Other treatments include
radiation and chemotherapy.
The Circulatory System/
Cardiovascular System
Function of the Circulatory
System
 Circulate blood throughout entire
body for
 Transport of oxygen to cells
 Transport of CO2 away from cells
 Transport of nutrients (glucose)
to cells
 Movement of immune system
components (cells, antibodies)
 Transport of endocrine gland
secretions
 Types of Circulation
1. Pulmonary Circulation- The word pulmonary
means "pertaining to the lungs". It is derived
from the Latin root word pulmo, which means
lung. It moves blood from the heart, to the
lungs, and back to the heart.
2. Coronary Circulation- The word coronary
pertains to the heart tissue. It is the movement
of blood through the tissue of the heart.
3. Systemic Circulation- The word systemic
means entire body. It moves blood from the
heart to the rest of the body, excluding the
lungs.
The main organs and their
functions
 Heart is the pump
 Blood Vessels
a. Arteries Away from Heart
b.Veins to the Heart
c.Capillaries is where diffusion happens
(oxgen, CO2, and glucose diffuse in or out of
blood)
 Blood – transports material to every cell of
the body
 The Heart

Artery to Lungs Artery to Head and Body

Vein from Head and Body

Vein from Lungs

Right Atrium
Left Atrium

valve valve

Right Ventricle Left Ventricle

 blood from the heart gets around

the body through blood vessels

There are 3 types of blood vessels

a. ARTERY

b. VEIN

c. CAPILLARY
 The ARTERY
Arteries have strong, muscular walls to carry blood away
from the heart.
 The VEIN
Veins carry blood towards the heart.
 The CAPILLARY
Capillaries link Arteries with Veins

The exchange of materials

between the blood and the
body cells can only occur
through capillaries.
 what’s in
digested food
red blood cells white blood cells

oxygen waste (urea)

carbon dioxide platelets

plasma hormones
http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.html
What makes up our blood?
 RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant
cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and
contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our
cells.
 WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of
the immune system and destroy infectious agents called
pathogens.
 PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that
contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones,
clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight
infection.
 PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are
carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called
coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.
Blood Facts

The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of

their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to
all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other
waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for
disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal
wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three
drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are
about 40 platelets and one white cell.

http://www.bloodbankofalaska.org/about_blood/index.html
 Cardiovascular Disorders

 Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the

leading cause of death in Western
countries.
 Modern research efforts have
improved diagnosis, treatment, and
prevention.
 Major cardiovascular disorders
include atherosclerosis, stroke,
heart attack, aneurysm, and
hypertension.
 Hemophilia
 Hemophilia is an inherited clotting
disorder due to a deficiency in a clotting
factor that produces abnormal bleeding.
 Bumps and falls cause bleeding in the
joints; cartilage degeneration and
resorption of bone can follow.
 Themost frequent cause of death is
bleeding into the brain with
accompanying neurological damage.
 Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is due to a build-up of
fatty material (plaque), mainly
cholesterol, under the inner lining of
arteries.
The plaque can cause a thrombus (blood
clot) to form.
The thrombus can dislodge and lead to
the bursting of a blood vessel.
 Stroke, Heart Attack, and
Aneurysm
 Stroke results when an
embolus lodges in a cerebral
blood vessel or a cerebral
blood vessel bursts; a portion
of the brain dies due to lack of
oxygen.
 Heartattack occurs when a
portion of heart muscle dies
due to lack of oxygen.
Aneurysm is a ballooning of a blood
vessel, usually in the abdominal
aorta or arteries leading to the
brain.
Death results if the aneurysm is in a
large vessel and the vessel bursts.
Atherosclerosis and hypertension
weaken blood vessels over time,
increasing the risk of aneurysm.
How do respiratory and circulatory systems work
together?

These two systems work together to circulate the blood

throughout the body. Air moves to the lungs through the nose,
nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and
bronchioles. Oxygen diffuses to the bloodstream and is
transported to the left chambers of the lungs through the
pulmonary veins. The function of the heart is to pump the blood
to other parts of the body. As the oxygen diffuses to the cells, the
cells use oxygen to breakdown sugar to release energy. As a
result, carbon dioxide gases are produced as waste materials in
the bloodstream. The carbon dioxide-rich blood is delivered to the
right portion of the heart through superior and inferior vena cava.
The heart pumps the blood to the lungs through the pulmonary
artery. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the alveoli and
travels out of the body through bronchiole, bronchi, trachea,
larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity, and nose. These processes continue
as we breathe air in and out, and as the heart pumps blood.
Without these coordinated functions of the respiratory and
circulatory system, humans will surely die.
 These are some of the ways to prevent
illnesses.
Quit/stop smoking.
a. Cigarette smoking leads to
respiratory illnesses.
Eat healthy food. It improves body weight and reduces
b.

risk of overall bodily diseases.

Exercise regularly. It enhances the excretion of bodily
c.

wastes and maintains bodily homeostasis.

Maintain healthy weight. This helps you prevents
d.

cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and

metabolism diseases and disorders.
Get enough rest and sleep. It promotes regeneration of
e.

tissues and reduces risk of cardiovascular diseases such

as stroke and hypertension.
Taking food supplements such as vitamin C. This helps
f.

strengthen your immune system.