SCIENCE 9 REVIEWER

FIRST QUARTER

TERMS 1ST TOPIC: RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Nose- What we use to - The respiratory system is an organ system in our body
inhale and exhale. The that helps us breathe air in and out – it supplies oxygen
two holes are called and removes carbon dioxide. It consists of the nose,
nostrils while the nose hair mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, trachea, lung,
is called cilia, which bronchi, pleural membrane, and the diaphragm.
catches dust from air we - The two phases of breathing are inhalation and
breathe. expiration.
Mouth- what we use - In inhalation, the air enters the lungs, diaphragm
when we need more air contracts/flattens and the muscles raises the ribs. While
than what can be taken
in expiration, we release carbon dioxide, diaphragm
in the nose, it’s the
relaxes and muscle lowers ribs.
common passageway for
air, food and liquid.
Pharynx (Throat)- is the
opening behind the
mouth and nose, it is lined
with tissues called tonsils.
Larynx (Voice Box)- it
houses the vocal cords.
Epiglottis- covers the
larynx during swallowing.
Trachea (windpipe)- is a
tube through which
respiratory gas transport
takes place. The main
airway.
Bronchi- are the two
tubes at the end of the
trachea.
Bronchioles- thin-walled
- The circulatory system is in charge of transporting
branches of the bronchi.
Alveoli- air sacs substances to the body and to the body cells and to
Pleural Membrane- cover carry deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood and carbon
the lungs and cover the dioxide back to the heart and lungs
chest cavity. - The four chambers of the heart are the left and right
Intercostal muscle- atrium (plural: atria) and the left and right ventricles.
moves ribs during - The circulatory system has three types of blood vessels:
respiration arteries, veins, and capillaries
Diaphragm- skeletal
muscle of respiration.
Lungs- The lungs are the
most essential organ for
respiration. Main function
is to transfer oxygen into
the bloodstream, and to
excrete carbon dioxide
into the air.
Blood- is made up of
different elements and is
the body’s means of
transporting substances
around.
Arteries - are blood
vessels that carry blood
away from the heart.
Veins- are blood vessels
that carry blood toward
the heart.
Capillaries- smallest blood
vessels that carry blood to
and from the cells.
Antibodies- produced by
leucocytes to fight
infection
Hemoglobin- a red
colored compound
found in the erythrocytes.
BLOOD FLOW IN THE HEART
Oxyhemoglobin-
hemoglobin and oxygen
bonded.
TYPES OF CIRCULATION
- Pulmonary the transporting of blood from the heart to
the lungs (deoxygenated blood), then blood from the
lungs to the heart. (Oxygenated blood)
- Systemic - transporting of blood to the rest of the body
using arteries (oxygenated) and
back to the heart using the veins. (deoxygenated)
- Coronary – movement of blood through the tissues of
the heart. It happens inside the heart.
- The most common cell in blood is the red blood
cell/erythrocytes. It’s a disc shaped cell made in the
bone marrow.
- Blood also contains white blood cells/leucocytes. They
are bigger than RBC and have large nuclei. It acts as
the body’s defense system.
- Platelets are formed in the red bone marrow. It
produces thrombokinase. Platelets help to repair tissues
internally and externally. It’s important in healing injuries,
- Blood cells and platelets are suspended in plasma. It is
made up of 90% water, inorganic salt, glucose, urea
and other waste product.
1. Deoxygenated blood from body enters the right atrium.
2. Blood flows through right Atrioventricular (AV) valve
going to right ventricle. (RV)
3. Contraction of RV pushes the pulmonary valve open.
With that, blood moves through pulmonary valve to
pulmonary trunk.
4. It’s dispersed by right & left pulmonary arteries to both
lungs, where it drops off carbon dioxide and picks up
oxygen.
5. Oxygenated blood from lungs returns through
pulmonary arteries going to left atrium.
6. From there, it flows through left AV into valve into LV
(left ventricle)
7. Contraction of left ventricle makes the aortic valve
open. This makes blood flow to aorta.
8. Its then disseminated to every structure in the body,
where it unloads oxygen and loads carbon dioxide
9. Blood reverts to heart through vena cava.
2ND TOPIC: RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
DISEASES DEFINITION
A common, chronic respiratory
Asthma condition that causes difficulty
breathing due to inflammation of the
airways.
the development of sputum makes
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary the infected suffer from difficulty in
Disease (COPD) breathing.
A disease that makes the bronchial
Chronic Bronchitis tubes swell.
Another form of COPD that causes
Emphysema damage to the air sacs in the lungs or
alveoli.
Bumps are shaped in the lungs that
Lung Cancer causes cancer
Mycobacterium targets the lungs and
Tuberculosis damages the other parts of the body
The swelling of alveoli is caused by
bacteria, virus or fungi
Pneumonia
CIRCULATORY DISEASES
DISEASES DEFINITION
Makes the arteries hard caused by
Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis high consumption of a fatty diet that
leaves fat deposits on the lining of the
blood vessels. These fat deposits
make the arteries hard.
Is caused when the heart is blocked
Heart Attack from blood supply due to a blood
clot.
The buildup of fat deposits congests
Myocardial Ischemia the blood flow to the heart
The unstable behavior of the heart
Heart Failure can’t pump sufficient blood for the
body’s needs.
Can happen if a vessel that supplies
Stroke blood to the brain either becomes
SYMPTOMS
Coughing, wheezing, chest pain,
shortness of breath, trouble sleeping.
Shortness of breath, wheezing, chess
tightness, and cough with sputum.
Cough with sputum, wheezing, tight
chest, shortness of breath.
Frequent coughing and wheezing
and shortness of breath
Cough that does not go away,
coughing up blood, shortness of
breath, chest pain, headache and
hoarseness
Cough that lasts for more than 3
weeks, chills, fever, weight loss, chest
pain and coughing up blood.
Chest pain, cough with phlegm,
fatigue, chills, fever, shortness of
breath, nausea, and vomiting
SYMPTOMS
Chest pain, transient ischemic attack,
and kidney failure.
Pressure in the chest, aching
sensation that spreads to the neck or
jaw, cold sweat, fatigue, shortness of
breath, nausea
Neck or jaw pain, shoulder or arm
pain, fast heartbeat, nausea,
vomiting, sweating, fatigue.
Shortness of breath, fatigue, rapid or
irregular heartbeat, increased
urination, chest pain, lack of appetite
and nausea
Trouble speaking, paralysis,
headache, and trouble walking
 blocked by a blood clot or bursts.
These stop blood flow and prevent
oxygen from getting to the brain
The elevation of blood pressure in the Most don’t have any symptoms but
High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) vessels gets too high that it can few have nosebleeds, headaches
trigger other diseases. and shortness of breath.
The insufficient supply of red blood Fatigue, pale skin, shortness of breath,
Anemia cells in the blood can make you feel dizziness and chest pain.
easily tired

Too much consumption in food high Has no symptoms

High Cholesterol in bad cholesterol.

Effects of lifestyle that affect the respiratory and circulatory system

- Cigarettes contains chemicals (Nicotine) that can be toxic in the body
- Cigarette smoking produces carbon monoxide which is a gas produced when smoking in an enclosed space.
- A healthy diet can help prevent you from having diseases.
- Regular exercise and adequate rest – Keeping your body active can help you respiratory and circulatory system
strong.
- Proper hygiene- having proper hygiene can shield you and others from ailments such as colds and influenza.

3rd TOPIC: Genetics (Mendelian and Non- Mendelian Inheritance)

TERMS 3RD TOPIC: GENETICS

Allele- different form of a trait.
Phenotype- The physical
representation of the genetic
expression.
Genotype- The gene make-up
of a trait expressed as a set of
capital and lower-case letters.
Dominant- The trait that
expresses itself over another.
Recessive- The trait hidden by
the dominant trait.
Homozygous- having the same
2 alleles for a genetic trait.
Heterozygous- having 2
different alleles for a genetic
trait.
➔ Mendel’s principle of inheritance includes law of segregation, law of
dominance and law of independent assortment.
➔ In mendelian inheritance the capital letters express the dominant trait and
the lowercase letters express the recessive trait.
➔ Gregor Mendel is the father of genetics. He worked with pea plants to study
genetics.
➔ Incomplete Dominance is when neither trait has a dominant control. Unlike
complete dominance, there are no lowercase letters.
➔ Codominance is when both traits express themselves in different locations.
(no lowercase letter)
➔ In extra codominance there are no lowercase letters in the superscript
position. Sometimes codominance is written as superscripts (letters above
writing) with a common letter representing a trait. Terms for homozygous and
heterozygous now refer to the superscripts. EG: (H) stands for horse color. Hᵇ
stands for brown horse.
➔ Multiple alleles is when three or more alleles are found in the population.
➔ The X chromosome is larger and have more genes
➔ Y chromosome have very few genes
True Breed- Offspring having ➔ Males have 1 copy of x + y
the same homozygous trait as ➔ Females have 2 X chromosomes.
the parent.
➔ X linked genes are never passed from dad to son, only Y.
Hybrid- offspring having one
➔ Females with one copy of the normal gene and one copy of the mutated
allele from each homozygous
gene are called carriers.
parent.
➔ Males are never carriers- If they have a mutated gene on the X
Carrier- Offspring having a
recessive trait masked by a chromosome. It will be expressed.
dominant trait that may
SEX LIMITED TRAITS: (AUTOSOMAL)
express itself in future
generations. ❖ Sex limited traits are only limited to one gender.
Sex chromosomes- X & Y ❖ Lactation is a good example of sex-limited traits.
Centromere- required for ❖ Lactating gene (L) is a dominant gene over the non-lactating recessive gene (l).
correct segregation of the
In female cattle carrying one dominant gene (XXLl), or two dominant genes
chromosomes after DNA
(XXLL) lactation will be shown. Nevertheless, neither male cattle having
replication.
dominant genes nor in male cattle that have recessive genes will lactate.
Kinetochore- Elaborate protein
complex
SEX INFLUENCED TRAITS: (AUTOSOMAL)
Telomeres- protein-bound ends
of the chromosomes. ❖ The difference is that two genders express the trait.
❖ Expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one than in the other sex.
DNA: ❖ Highly influenced by the hormones of the individual, particularly by the hormone
- Called the blueprint of testosterone
life. ❖ An example of this is pattern baldness.
- Deoxyribonucleic acid ❖ The gene has two alleles, “bald” (B) and “non-bald” (b), and these genes are
- Shaped as double helix highly influenced by the hormones individually. We know that all humans have
- DNA is made up of testosterone, but males have higher level of testosterone than females do. This
repeating molecules shows that, although baldness alleles (XYBB, XYBb, or XXBB) behave like a
called nucleotides dominant allele in malses, they are recessive in females (XXBb, XXb)
- Nucleotides is
composed of the
following: sugar and
phosphate molecules &
nitrogenous bases.
Nitrogenous Bases:
- Pyrimidines- smaller
single ring structure.
- Purines- large double
ring structure
- DNA from a single
human cell extends in a
single thread for almost
2 metres long.
- OSWALD AVERRY-
confirmed the role of
DNA in heredity (1944)
- ERWIN CHARGAFF-
reported that DNA
composition varies from
 one species to another.
Found out that Adenine
almost equals Fun Fact: Non-
composition of Thymine
while Guanine approx. mendelian traits are not
equals cytosine (1947)
- ROSALIND FRANKLIN- x- determined by
ray photo of DNA
(1952) dominant or recessive
- JAMES WATSON AND
FRANCIS CRICK- double alleles!
helix model of DNA
(1953)

4th TOPIC: BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION

TERMS 4th TOPIC: BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION

Biodiversity- the variety of life

in an area.
Evolution- means the theory of
development of all living things
from fewer simpler forms of life
to the complex form.
Population- is a group of living
things within a certain area
that are all the same species.
Genetic diversity- pertains to
the variation of genes within
species
Species diversity - pertains to
the variety and abundance of
species within a region
Ecosystem diversity- is the
variation among groups of
organisms in different physical
settings.
Biodiversity Index -Is a scale of
the diversity of plant and
animal species in a given area.
- Limiting Factors are environmental conditions that keep a population from
increasing.
- Carrying capacity are the maximum population size an environment can
support.
- When a species’ population becomes so low that only a few remain, the
species are endangered
- Extinction occurs when the last member of the species dies.
- Natural causes of species extinction are: climate change, land development,
acid precipitation, diseases/epidemic, meteoric impact/ cosmic radiation,
the spread of invasive species.
- Man made causes are deforestation, pollution and destruction of coastal
resources.
- Geologic timescale is a timetable of the earth’s history. The earth’s history is
divided into major divisions called eras.
A. Paleozoic era (prehistoric life) – the existence of marine invertebrates; the
development of marine life.
B. Mesozoic era (middle life) – the existence of largest creatures.
C. Cenozoic era (recent life) – the existence of warm-blooded animals and
humans
5th TOPIC: Ecosystem and Life Energy
TERMS
Photosynthesis – is a chemical process through
which plants, some bacteria and algae,
produce glucose and oxygen from carbon
dioxide and water.
Leaf- where photosynthesis occurs.
Chlorophyll- allows the plants to trap energy
from the sun.
Chloroplasts- found in plants.
Stomata- allows the entry and exit of gases.
CHEMICAL EQUATION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Carbon dioxide + water + light energy>
Glucose and oxygen
ATP- adenosine triphosphate
NADP- nicotinamide adenosine
Dark reaction - occurs inside the stroma.
Sun- the main source of light on Earth.
Light reaction - occurs inside the thylakoid
where light energy is absorbed to produce
and release oxygen.
Mitochondria- is the powerhouse of the cell.
Krebs Cycle- occurs in the matrix of the
mitochondria
Glycolysis is the breaking down of glucose,
turned into three carbon molecules called the
pyruvate to produce two ATP’s
Electron Transport Chain – occurs in the inner
membrane of mitochondria.
Pyruvate- product of glycolysis
FIGURE IS THE PARTS OF
THE MITOCHONDRIA.
5th TOPIC: Ecosystem
- Photosynthesis is the most important reaction on earth.
- Autotrophic organisms are the primary producers in ecosystems
and the entire ecosystem depends on these species for energy.
- Parts of the leaves are: cuticle, upper/lower epidermis, palisade,
mesophyll, vascular bundle, bundle sheath, epiglottis, stoma
and the chloroplasts.
- Plant photosynthesis is driven primarily by visible light.
- Chloroplasts are found mainly in the cells of the mesophyll; it is
where the food making process occurs. Its parts are the
outer/inner membrane, lamella, granum, thylakoids and the
stroma.
- Photosynthesis begins with light capturing events
- Chlorophyll is composed of two units of light absorbing
molecules, photosystem 1 and 2.
- Dark reaction occurs inside the stroma.
- Cellular respiration is the process of extracting energy in the form
of ATP from the glucose in the food you eat. It’s a process when
food is broken down.
- Aerobic Cellular Respiration occurs in all living things.
- Mitochondria parts: outer membrane, intermembrane space,
inner membrane, mitochondria DNA, mitochondrial matrix,
cristae, ribosome, ATP synthase and the matrix granule.
- Three steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the
electron transport chain.