Respiration in Plants

Which of the following is the site for cellular

1
respiration in plants?

a) Golgi apparatus

b) Cytoplasm and mitochondria

c) Chloroplast

d) Nucleus
 Discussion

Respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic

● Organic substances are ● Organic substances are

completely oxidised with the
help of O2 into CO2 and H2O
● Occurs in cytoplasm and
mitochondria
broken down incompletely
to liberate energy in the
absence of O2
● Occurs only in cytoplasm
 Which of the following is the site for cellular
1
respiration in plants?

a) Golgi apparatus

b) Cytoplasm and mitochondria

c) Chloroplast

d) Nucleus
 Which of the following substrates liberates
2
the maximum energy?

a) Carbohydrates

b) Fats

c) Proteins

d) Organic acids
 Discussion

● Fats or lipids are known to provide more energy as

compared to carbohydrates and proteins.

● Carbohydrates are still the most preferred substrate

because they can enter the respiratory pathway easily
and are easily metabolised.

● Proteins are rarely used as respiratory substrates.

○ They are only used during starvation when
carbohydrates and fats are no longer available.
 Discussion

Energy values per gram of different

respiratory substrates

Respiratory Gross Calorific Physiological

Substrate Value(kcal/g) Value(kcal/g)

Carbohydrate 4.1 4.0

Lipid 9.45 9.0

Protein 5.65 4.0

 Which of the following substrates liberates
2
the maximum energy?

a) Carbohydrates

b) Fats

c) Proteins

d) Organic acids
 Which of the following statements correctly
3
describes respiratory substrates?

a) Substances which do not

produce energy

b) Substances that are released

after respiration

c) Substances which are excreted

out of the body

d) Substances which are broken

down during respiration
 Discussion
● Respiratory substrates are those organic substances
that are broken down during respiration to liberate
energy inside the living cells.
● The common respiratory substrates are
carbohydrates, fats, proteins and organic acids.

Energy released
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water
Substrates dioxide
 Which of the following statements correctly
3
describes respiratory substrates?

a) Substances which do not

produce energy

b) Substances that are released

after respiration

c) Substances which are excreted

out of the body

d) Substances which are broken

down during respiration
4 What are the products of aerobic respiration?

a) CO2, H2O, energy

b) CO2, ethanol, energy

c) Lactic acid, energy

d) Lactic acid, H2O

 Discussion

Energy released
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water
Substrates dioxide

Aerobic Respiration
 Discussion

Ethyl alcohol
fermentation Ethanol
Absence of O2 (2 carbon
molecule)
(in yeasts) +
Glucose In Cytoplasm Pyruvate CO2 + Energy
(6-carbon (3-carbon
molecule) molecule)
Lactic acid
Lack of O2
(3 carbon
(in muscles) molecule)
Lactic acid +
fermentation Energy
Anaerobic Respiration
4 What are the products of aerobic respiration?

a) CO2, H2O, energy

b) CO2, ethanol, energy

c) Lactic acid, energy

d) Lactic acid, H2O

 Which is the hexose molecule that is acted upon by
5
aldolase and broken down into two triose molecules
during glycolysis?

a) Glucose

b) Fructose

c) Glucose-6-phosphate

d) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
 Discussion

● The substrate for aldolase enzyme is fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

(hexose).
● The enzyme aldolase converts fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate,
which are triose sugars and isomers of each other.
 Discussion
Glycolysis
Glucose
Hexokinase
ATP 2*(1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid)
ADP 2 ADP

Glucose-6-phosphate 2 ATP

2*(3-phosphoglyceric acid)

Fructose-6-phosphate
2*(2-phosphoglycerate)
ATP

ADP 2H2O

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
2*Phosphoenolpyruvate
2NAD+
2 ADP
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 2NADH+H+ 2 ATP

2*Pyruvate
Dihydroxy acetone phosphate
 Which is the hexose molecule that is acted upon by
5
aldolase and broken down into two triose molecules
during glycolysis?

a) Glucose

b) Fructose

c) Glucose-6-phosphate

d) Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
6 Net gain of ATP molecules during glycolysis is

a) 2

b) 4

c) 24

d) 38
 Discussion
Glycolysis
Glucose
Hexokinase
ATP 2*(1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid)
ADP 2 ADP

Glucose-6-phosphate 2 ATP

2*(3-phosphoglyceric acid)

Fructose-6-phosphate
2*(2-phosphoglycerate)
ATP

ADP 2H2O

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
2*Phosphoenolpyruvate
2NAD+
2 ADP
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 2NADH+H+ 2 ATP

2*Pyruvate
Dihydroxy acetone phosphate
 Discussion

● In the glycolytic pathway, 4 molecules of ATP are

produced.
● 2 molecules of ATP are utilised in the glycolysis.
Net gain of ATP molecules during glycolysis is 2.
6 Net gain of ATP molecules during glycolysis is

a) 2

b) 4

c) 24

d) 38
7 Conversion of pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol is
mediated by

a) phosphatase

b) dehydrogenase

c) decarboxylase and dehydrogenase

d) catalase
 Discussion

Pyruvate Alcohol
decarboxylase dehydrogenase
Pyruvate Acetaldehyde Ethanol
(C3) (C2) (C2)
Carbon
NADH + H+ NAD+
dioxide
(C1)

Alcoholic fermentation
7 Conversion of pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol is
mediated by

a) phosphatase

b) dehydrogenase

c) decarboxylase and dehydrogenase

d) catalase
8 The common phase between aerobic & anaerobic
respiration is

a) Glycolysis

b) Krebs' cycle

c) TCA cycle

d) Photorespiration
 Discussion

● Cellular respiration always begins with glycolysis,

which can occur either in the absence or presence
of oxygen.
● The whole process of aerobic respiration takes
place in three steps: glycolysis, Krebs’ cycle, and
electron transport system.
● However, products of anaerobic respiration do not
enter into Krebs' cycle (TCA cycle) or the electron
transport system (ETS). Here, partial glycolysis
results in pyruvic acid.
8 The common phase between aerobic & anaerobic
respiration is

a) Glycolysis

b) Krebs' cycle

c) TCA cycle

d) Photorespiration
9 Which one of the following mammalian cells are not
capable of metabolising glucose aerobically?

a) WBCs

b) mature RBCs

c) unstriated muscle cells

d) liver cells
 Discussion

● Young RBCs have membrane-bound organelles like

nucleus and mitochondria, but during the process of
maturation, they lose those organelles and attain a
biconcave shape.

● The absence of mitochondria means RBCs cannot

perform the Krebs cycle or use the electron transport
chain, which are essential for aerobic respiration.
9 Which one of the following mammalian cells are not
capable of metabolising glucose aerobically?

a) WBCs

b) mature RBCs

c) unstriated muscle cells

d) liver cells
10 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is used in converting

a) pyruvate to glucose

b) glucose to pyruvate

c) pyruvic acid to lactic acid

d) pyruvate to acetyl CoA

 Discussion

● Pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation inside

mitochondria to produce CO2 and NADH (reduced
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).
● The product combines with sulphur-containing
coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA or activated acetate.
● The reaction occurs in the presence of an enzyme
complex called pyruvate dehydrogenase.
 Discussion

Coenzyme A C CO2

C C C C C CoA
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate complex Acetyl CoA

NAD+ NADH + H+

Oxidative decarboxylation
10 Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is used in converting

a) pyruvate to glucose

b) glucose to pyruvate

c) pyruvic acid to lactic acid

d) pyruvate to acetyl CoA

11 How many NADH + H+ are formed per turn of
Krebs cycle?

a) 2

b) 3

c) 4

d) 5
 Discussion

Acetyl CoA
Citrate

H2O
Iso-Citrate
Oxaloacetate
NADH + H+
NADH + H+
CO2
Alpha
Malate Krebs Cycle Ketoglutarate

H2O NADH + H+
CO2
Fumarate Succinyl CoA

FADH2
Succinate
11 How many NADH + H+ are formed per turn of
Krebs cycle?

a) 2

b) 3

c) 4

d) 5
12 In Krebs cycle FAD participates as electron acceptor
during the conversion of

a) succinyl CoA to succinic acid

b) 𝝰-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA

c) succinic acid to fumaric acid

d) fumaric acid to malic acid

 Discussion

● In the 6th step of Krebs cycle, oxidation of

succinate occurs.
● Succinate undergoes dehydrogenation (removal
of hydrogen) to form fumaric acid (also known as
fumarate) with the help of a membrane based
enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. FADH2 is
produced in this step.
 Discussion

COO-
Succinate
CH2 COO-
dehydrogenase
CH2 CH
C O HC
FAD FADH2
O- COO-

C4 C4
Succinate Fumarate
12 In Krebs cycle FAD participates as electron acceptor
during the conversion of

a) succinyl CoA to succinic acid

b) 𝝰-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA

c) succinic acid to fumaric acid

d) fumaric acid to malic acid

13 Acetyl CoA undergoes condensation with _______ in
Krebs cycle.

a) malic acid

b) fumaric acid

c) 𝝰- ketoglutaric acid

d) oxaloacetic acid
 Discussion
Acetyl CoA
Citrate
H2O
Iso-Citrate
Oxaloacetate
NADH + H+
NADH + H+

Alpha
Malate Krebs cycle Ketoglutarate

H2O
NADH + H+
Fumarate Succinyl CoA

CoA
Succinate
FADH2 GTP
13 Acetyl CoA undergoes condensation with _______ in
Krebs cycle.

a) malic acid

b) fumaric acid

c) 𝝰- ketoglutaric acid

d) oxaloacetic acid
14 During conversion of succinyl CoA to succinic acid a
molecule of GTP is formed in a reaction known as

a) oxidative phosphorylation

b) substrate level phosphorylation

c) photophosphorylation

d) terminal oxidation
 Discussion

● GTP can form ATP through a coupled reaction.

● The direct synthesis of GTP/ATP from metabolites
is called substrate level phosphorylation (SLP).

COO- COO- COO-

CoASH
Succinyl CoA
CH2 CH2 CH2
synthase
CH2 CH2 CH2
2- OPO
3H
C O O C C O
GDP GTP
S-CoA OPO2-3 O-
ADP
Succinyl ATP
Succinyl CoA Succinate
phosphate
14 During conversion of succinyl CoA to succinic acid a
molecule of GTP is formed in a reaction known as

a) oxidative phosphorylation

b) substrate level phosphorylation

c) photophosphorylation

d) terminal oxidation
15 Electron transport chain (ETC) is present in
___________.

a) the outer membrane of mitochondria

b) the intermembrane space of

mitochondria

c) the inner membrane of mitochondria

d) the matrix of mitochondria

 Discussion

● The electron transport chain is a series of

complexes made up of proteins and organic
molecules in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria.

● The electrons are transported from (NADH+H+)

and (FADH2) to molecular oxygen through the
complexes of the ETC.
 Discussion

Transfer of Electrons
(Inner Mitochondrial
Membrane)

Krebs Cycle
(Matrix)
15 Electron transport chain (ETC) is present in
___________.

a) the outer membrane of mitochondria

b) the intermembrane space of

mitochondria

c) the inner membrane of mitochondria

d) the matrix of mitochondria

 ___________ is the terminal cytochrome that
16 donates electrons to oxygen during the electron
transport chain.

a) Cytochrome a

b) Cytochrome a3

c) Cytochrome b

d) Cytochrome c
 Discussion

● The electrons released by the oxidation of NADH + H+ move

to complex I, and then get transferred to ubiquinone
located within the inner membrane.
● Ubiquinone also receives the electrons released by the
oxidation of FADH2 through complex II.
● The electrons from ubiquinone are passed on to
cytochrome b and cytochrome c1 of complex III.
 Discussion

● The electrons are then further transported to

cytochrome c.
● It is a mobile carrier and transfers electrons between
complex III and IV.
● In complex IV, the electrons pass through cytochrome
a and then to cytochrome a3.
● From complex IV, electrons are accepted by oxygen.
● Oxygen is the final acceptor of the electrons and it
gets reduced to water.
 Discussion

Electron transport chain

 ___________ is the terminal cytochrome that
16 donates electrons to oxygen during the electron
transport chain.

a) Cytochrome a

b) Cytochrome a3

c) Cytochrome b

d) Cytochrome c
17 Cytochrome c is a mobile carrier of electrons between
______________.

a) complex I and complex II

b) complex II and complex III

c) complex III and complex IV

d) complex I and complex IV

 Discussion

● Cytochrome c is a mobile carrier of electrons attached on the

outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transfers the
electrons between complex III and complex IV.
17 Cytochrome c is a mobile carrier of electrons between
______________.

a) complex I and complex II

b) complex II and complex III

c) complex III and complex IV

d) complex I and complex IV

18 The chemiosmotic theory is based on ____________.

a) accumulation of Na+ ions

b) accumulation of K+ ions

c) proton gradient

d) membrane potential
 Discussion

● The chemiosmotic theory is based on the proton

gradient. It explains the synthesis of ATP.
● The energy available in the electrons is used to pump
the protons from the matrix of mitochondria to the
intermembrane space.
 Discussion

● These protons get accumulated in the intermembrane

space.
● This increases the concentration of protons in the
intermembrane space and creates a driving force.
● This concentration difference is called proton gradient.
● The protons move back into the matrix of mitochondria
through complex V.
Discussion
18 The chemiosmotic theory is based on ____________.

a) accumulation of Na+ ions

b) accumulation of K+ ions

c) proton gradient

d) membrane potential
19 How does temperature affect the rate of respiration?

a) Increase in optimum temperature

decreases the rate of respiration

b) Increase in temperature up to a limit

increases the rate of respiration

c) Decrease in optimum temperature

increases the rate of respiration

d) Temperature has no effect on the rate

of respiration
 Discussion
Increase in optimum temperature increases
the rate of respiration

Optimum
Respiration rate temperature

Low High
temperature temperature

Temperature
19 How does temperature affect the rate of respiration?

a) Increase in optimum temperature

decreases the rate of respiration

b) Increase in temperature up to a limit

increases the rate of respiration

c) Decrease in optimum temperature

increases the rate of respiration

d) Temperature has no effect on the rate

of respiration
20 Respiratory quotient of carbohydrates is

a) 1

b) less than 1

c) greater than 1

d) 0
 Discussion

Respiratory quotient (RQ) is ratio of volume of carbon

dioxide evolved to volume of oxygen consumed. RQ of
carbohydrates is 1.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

(Glucose)
6 CO2
RQ = =1
6 O2
20 Respiratory quotient of carbohydrates is

a) 1

b) less than 1

c) greater than 1

d) 0
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