A Review of Glycolysis

Glucose
2 ATP

2 ADP
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

2 Triose phosphate
2 NAD+

2 NADH
2 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
 Pyruvate
Branch Point
A Review of Glycolysis
2 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
2 ADP

2 ATP
2 3-Phosphoglycerate

2 Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
2 ADP

2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
Net Reaction of Glycolysis
+
2 NAD + Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 P i

2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP

? ? ADP + Pi
+ work
Regeneration of NAD+ from NADH
Under aerobic (+O2) conditions
+
NAD H2O
Glycolysis Respiration

NADH 1 +
/2 O 2 + H
Regeneration of NAD+ from NADH
Under anaerobic (–O2) conditions
+
NAD
–
2e

NADH Acceptor
 Fates of Pyruvate
Glucose
Glycolysis
2 CO2 –O2 2 Pyruvate –O2
+O2
CO2
2 Ethanol 2 Acetyl-CoA 2 Lactate
(yeast) +O2 (muscle)

4 CO2 + 4 H2O
Lactate DH and Regeneration of NADH
+
O O NADH NAD O O
C C
C O LDH H C OH
CH3 CH3
Pyruvate Lactate
Lactate accumulates in
anaerobic muscle (sprint)

∆Gº= –25.1 kJ/mol

Lactate from Pyruvate

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Inefficient Anaerobic Metabolism

∆Gº
Glucose 2 Lactate –198 kJ/mol

Glucose 6 CO2 –2833 kJ/mol

Inefficient Anaerobic Metabolism

 Anaerobic muscle
– Sprinter, alligator, rhino, dinosaur
 Erythrocytes
 Deep sea animals
 Anaerobic bacteria
 Blood-living parasites

– Trypanosomes
 Alcohol Fermentation in Yeast
CH3CH2OH
1
(ethanol)
/2 Glucose + +
NAD NAD
Glycolysis
NADH NADH
O CO2 O
O
H3C C
H 3C C C
Pyruvate H
O
decarboxylase
(TPP)
 Industrial Fermentations
 Starch
– Butanol
– Acetone
 Starch, molasses

– Methanol
– Ethanol
– Formic Acid
– Glycerol
 Industrial Fermentations

 Grape sugar
– Wine
– Champagne (CO2)
 Milk sugar
– Yogurt
 Cabbage

– Sauerkraut
 Industrial Fermentations

 Cucumbers
– Pickles

 Cornstalks
– Silage
Lactate Salvage: Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis Glucose Gluconeogenesis

ATP ATP
Lactate
 Some shared enzymes
 Reciprocal regulation
 In liver of mammals