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Metabolism
An Overview
General Biochemistry-II
(BCH 302)
Dr . Saba Abdi
Asst . Prof. Dept. Of Biochemistry
College Of Science
King Saud University. Riyadh.KSA
Major Pathways
Glycolysis. 1
Citric acid cycle. 2
Gluconeogenesis. 3
Glycogen metabolism. 4
Glycogenesis )b( Glycogenolysis( a
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B. Site:
cytoplasm of all tissue cells, but it is of physiological importance in:
1. Tissues with no mitochondria: mature RBCs, cornea and lens.
2. Tissues with few mitochondria: Testis, leucocytes, medulla of the
kidney, retina, skin and gastrointestinal tract.
3. Tissues undergo frequent oxygen lack: skeletal muscles especially
during exercise.
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C. Steps:
Stages of glycolysis
1. Stage one (the energy requiring stage):
a) One molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of
glycerosldhyde-3-phosphate.
b) These steps requires 2 molecules of ATP (energy loss)
2. Stage two (the energy producing stage(:
a) The 2 molecules of glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate are converted into
pyruvate (aerobic glycolysis) or lactate (anaerobic glycolysis(.
b) These steps produce ATP molecules (energy production).
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Fig.9.9a
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Fig.9.9b
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ATP utilized
Net energy
2ATP
From glucose to
glucose -6-p.
From fructose -6-p to
fructose 1,6 p.
2 ATP
In presence of
oxygen (aerobic
glycolysis)
2ATP
-From glucose to
glucose -6-p.
From fructose -6-p to
fructose 1,6 p.
6 ATP
Or
8 ATP
4 ATP
(substrate level
phosphorylation)
2ATP from 1,3 BPG.
2ATP from
phosphoenol
pyruvate.
+ 4ATP or 6ATP
(from oxidation of 2
NADH + H in
mitochondria).
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Anaerobic
1. End product
Pyruvate
Lactate
2 .energy
6 or 8 ATP
2 ATP
3. Regeneration of
NAD+
Through respiration
chain in mitochondria
Through Lactate
formation
4. Availability to TCA
in mitochondria
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Glucose
F1, 6 Bisphosphate
Fructose-6-p
Pyruvate
Phosphoenol pyruvate
4. During fasting, glycolysis is reversed for synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources e.g. lactate. This mechanism is called:
gluconeogenesis.
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Fig.9.10
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Kreb Cycle
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Summary
Mitochondrion
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried
in NADH and
FADH2
Pyruvic acid
Glucose
Glycolysis
Electron
Transport Chain
Krebs
Cycle
Mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
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Glycogen Metabolism
PPi
Pyrophosphatase
2 Pi
UDP-Glucose
UTP
Glucose-6-P
UDP-Glucose
Pyrophosphorylase
UDP
Glycogen (Glucose)n+1
Glucose-1-P
Phosphoglucomutase
Glycogen
Phosphorylase
Glycogen
(Glucose)n
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Glycogen
Synthase
Glycogen
(Glucose)n
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Pi
:Glycogenesis
Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen from glucose.
Glycogen is synthesized depending on the demand for
glucose and ATP )energy(. If both are present in relatively
high amounts, then the excess of insulin promotes the
glucose conversion into glycogen for storage in liver and
.muscle cells
In the synthesis of glycogen, one ATP is required per
glucose incorporated into the polymeric branched
structure of glycogen. actually, glucose-6-phosphate is
the cross-roads compound. Glucose-6-phosphate is
synthesized directly from glucose or as the end product of
.gluconeogenesis
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Glycogenolysis
In glycogenolysis, glycogen stored in the liver and muscles,
is converted first to glucose-1- phosphate and then into
glucose-6-phosphate. Two hormones which control
glycogenolysis are a peptide, glucagon from the pancreas
.and epinephrine from the adrenal glands
Glucagon is released from the pancreas in response to low
blood glucose and epinephrine is released in response to
a threat or stress. Both hormones act upon enzymes to
stimulate glycogen phosphorylase to begin glycogenolysis
.and inhibit glycogen synthetase )to stop glycogenesis(
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