RESPIRATION

Overall equation of respiration-

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ------- 6CO2 + 6H2 O+ energy (686 K.cal)/ 38 ATP

Respiration is an intracellular process in which complex organic food materials are broken down by
oxidation to form simple inorganic products with release of energy and CO 2 .

Energy released during respiration is used to form ATP (Adenosine tri-phosphate). ATP has 3
phosphate having alpha, beta and gama bond . the Beta and gama have hing energy bond of 7.3 K.
cal.

The term respiration was coined by Dutrochet. Respiration is a process of Cellular oxidation or
Biological oxidation.

Site of Respiration-

Mitochondria-

It is self duplicating , self regulating, living cells, found in cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

-Discovered by Kolliker.

-Term mitochondria was given by C. Benda (Mito-Thread, chondrion- Granule).

-site of respiration---Hogeboom.

An overview of cellular respiration-

-Catabolic

-exergonic

3 steps-

1. Glycolysis-----glucose(6C) will be broken into pyruvic acid (3C)

2. Kreb’s cycle------ inside matrix PA-----NADH2, FADH2.

3. ETS/ETC-------NADH2/FADH2---------ATP

= 38 ATP/ 686 K.cal.

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Mechanism of Aerobic respiration-

Aerobic respiration is a process of complete break down of respiratory substrate with oxygen into
CO2 and H2O with release of energy.(ATP formation).

It involves following stages-

1.Glycolysis- EMP pathway/ anaerobic phase of aerobic respiration.

It is the process of breaking of glucose (6C) into two molecules of Pyruvic acid (3C) through
enzyme mediated reactions.

It is common to all livings. It occurs in cytoplasm. It is completed into two phases-

1. preparatory phase

2.Pay off phase

Schematic representation of Glycolysis

(1M) Glucose (6C)

Phosphorylation ATP Hexokinase (Mg2+)

ADP

(1M) Glucose -6-po4 (6C)

Isomerisation Isomerase

(1M) Fructose-6-Po4 (6C

Phosphorylation ATP Phospho-fructokinase

ADP

(1M) Frustose-1,6-diphosphate (6C)

Cleavage Aldolase

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(3C) Dihydroxy Acetone-PO4 (DHAP) (3C)3-Phosphoglyceraldehyde (3PGAL)

(Phosphotriose isomerase)

Isomerisation

(3C) 3-PGAL (2M)

Phosphorylation 2 H3 PO4

(2M) 1,3-Diphosphoglyceraldehyde(3C)

Oxidation 2NAD Dehydrogenase

2NADH2

(2M) 1,3- Diphosphoglyceric acid (3C)

Dephosphorylation 2ADP Phosphoglycrokinase

2ATP

3-Phosphogyceric acid (3C)

Isomerisation (Mg2+) Phosphoglyceromustase

2-Phosphoglyceric acid (3C)

Dehydration 2 H2 O

Enolase

2-Phosphoenol pyruvic acid (3C)

2ADP Pyruvic acid kinase

Dephosphoryaltion 2ATP

(2M) Pyruvic acid (3C)

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Significance- 2 ATP, 2NADH2

Acetylation of pyruvic acid/ Link reaction

2 NAD 2NADH2

2 Pyruvic acid 2 Acetyl C0- A

2 Acetyl- Co-A 2 CO2

2.Kreb’s cycle / TCA / Citric acid cycle-

It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria. It takes place in presence of oxygen. It was discovered by sir
Hans kerb in 1937 in pigeon muscles.

TERMINAL OXIDATION-

1. ETS/ETC – (electron transport system or electron transport chain)-

2. Oxidative phosphorylation

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Anaerobic respiration-

The term Anaerobic respiration is commonly used for higher organism whereas fermentation term
is used in micro-organisms.

Anaerobic respiration is strictly intracellular whereas fermentation may be intra or extra cellular.

Overall view of anaerobic respiration-

1.Glycolysis

2.Decarboxylation

3.Reduction

Fermentation-

a. Alcoholic

b. Acidic

Respiratory quotient (RQ)- The ratio of volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in
respiration is called as RQ.

R. Q = Vol. of CO2 /Vol. of O2

In aerobic –

Carbohydrate - RQ- 1

Fat or Protein- Less than 1.

Fat- 0.7 , Proteins- 0.9

Anaerobic respiration- 2CO2/ O2= infinity.

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