4THMI

DQUARTER:REVI
EWERI
NGENERALBI
OLOGY2

ORGANI
SMALBI
OLOGY

◾ LEVELSOFBI
OLOGI
CALORGANI
ZATI
ON
Ani
mal
sandplantsareli
vi
ngthings.Theyhaveor
gansyst
emsmadeupofor
gans,or
ganst
hat
ar
emadeupoftissuesandti
ssuesthataremadeupofcel
l
s.

Cor
rector
derf
rom smal
l
estt
olar
gestl
evel
ofanOr
gani
sm.

CELL—TI
SSUE—ORGAN—ORGANSYSTEM —ORGANI
SM

Thebiol
ogicalorganizat
iondoesnotst opwi
ththeor
gani
sm,asanorganism i
nter
act
swit
hthe
envi
ronmenti nmanyway s.Bey ondtheorgani
sm,thel
evel
soforganizat
ionarepopul
ati
on,
community,ecosystem andbiospher
e.

CELL—TISSUE—ORGAN—ORGANSYSTEM —ORGANI
SM —POPULATI
ON—COMMUNI
TY—
ECOSYSTEM —BI
OSPHERE.

◾ ORGANSYSTEMS
Anor gansy st
em i
sagroupoforgansthatwor
ktogetheri
nthebodyt oper
for
m acompl
ex
functi
on,suchaspumpi
ngbloodorpr
ocessi
ngandut
il
izi
ngnutr
ient
s.Ther
eare11maj
oror
gan
systemsinthehumanbody:

M RS.INCLUDER

▪
M-Muscul
arSy
stem

Muscl
esplayapartinev
eryfunct
ionofthebody
.Themuscul
arsy
stem i
smadeupofov
er600
muscl
es.Thesei
ncludet
hreemusclety
pes:

-
Smoot
h

-
Skel
etal

-
Car
diac

▪
R-Respi
rat
orySy
stem

Therespirat
orysystem isresponsi
bleforbr
eat
hing,whi
chist
hecontr
oll
edmovementofai
rin
andoutoft hebody( venti
lat
ion).I
talsomovesoxygenandcarbondi
oxi
dei
ntoandoutofthe
bl
oodstream (r
espir
ati
on) .

Thi
sor
gansy
stem cont
ainst
he:

-
Lungs
-
Trachea(
windpi
pe)

-
Air
way
soft
her
espi
rat
oryt
ree

-
Alv
eol
i

-
Phar
nyxandLar
ynx

▪
S-Skel
etalSy
stem

Skelet
alsy
stem gi
vest
hebodyshapeandf
orm andhel
pst
obot
hpr
otectandsuppor
ttheent
ir
e
organi
sm.

Thi
sor
gansy
stem par
tsi
ncl
ude:

-
Bones

-
Car
ti
lage

-
Ligament
s

-
Tendons

-
Joi
nts

▪
I-I
ntegument
arySy
stem

Theintegument
arysyst
em i
suniquebecauseitisthelar
gestandonl
ysingl
e-or
gansy st
em in
the body.Itprot
ect
st he body f
rom t
he externalenvi
ronmentand hel
ps regul
ate body
temperatur
e.

Thei
ntegument
arysy
stem i
stheski
nandal
lthest
ruct
uresi
nit
,incl
udi
ngt
he:

-
Sweatgl
ands

-
Hai
rfol
l
icl
es

-
Nai
l
s

▪
N-Ner
vousSy
stem

Thener voussy st
em isanetworkthatmakesi tpossibl
ef ordi
ff
erentpart
soft hebodyt o
communi catewithoneanot
her
.Thinkofi
tasyourbody’scommandst ati
on.Al
lbodyprocesses,
react
ions,thought
s,andmovement
sstem fr
om thisor
gansy stem.

Thener
voussy
stem i
sincr
edi
blydet
ail
edandi
ncl
udest
he:

-
Brai
n

-
Spi
nal
cor
d
-
All
thener
vesconnect
edt
obot
hoft
heseor
gans

I
tcont
ainst
heonl
yti
ssuet
hati
sn’
tfeddi
rect
lyt
hroughcont
actwi
thbl
ood.

▪
C-Ci
rcul
ator
ySy
stem

Whenpeoplet al
kaboutt
hisor
gansy
stem,t
hey’
reusual
l
ytal
ki
ngaboutt
hecar
diov
ascul
ar
sy
stem atl
arge,whi
chi
ncl
udest
he:

-
Hear
t

-
Bloodv
essel
s(ar
ter
iesandv
eins)

-
Blood

I
norderforbl
oodtomakeitever
ywhereitneedst
ogo,t
heci
rcul
ator
ysy
stem mai
ntai
nst
he
bl
oodfl
owwi t
hinacer
tai
npr
essur
erange.

▪
L-Ly
mphat
ic/
ImmuneSy
stem

Thel
ymphati
csystem i
sthedrainagesyst
em oft
hebody .I
tplaysani
mpor
tantr
olei
nyour
i
mmunit
y,bl
oodpressur
eregul
ati
on,di
gesti
on,
andotherf
unct
ions.

Thisor
gansy
stem car
ri
esexcessfluid,
prot
eins,
fats,
bact
eri
a,andot
hersubst
ancesawayf
rom
thecel
l
sandspacesbetweencel
ls.Itdoest
hisusing:

-
Lymphv
essel
s

-
Lymphnodes

-
Lymphduct
s

-
Var
iousgl
ands

Thelymphat
icv
essel
smov
ethef
lui
dint
ocol
l
ect
ingduct
s,whi
chr
etur
nthef
lui
dtoy
our
bl
oodst
ream.

Thely
mphat
icsy
stem al
sohel
pscreat
eandci
rcul
atev
italcel
l
sthatf
ightdi
sease,
whi
chi
swhy
i
tisal
soapar
tofthei
mmunesy st
em.

▪
U-Ur
inar
y/Excr
etor
ySy
stem

Theseorgansworkt
ogethert
ofi
lt
erbl
oodandremovet
oxi
nsandwastef
rom bodyti
ssues.The
removal
ofexcessfl
uidt
hrought
hisor
gansyst
em al
sohel
psr
egul
atebl
oodpressur
e.

Theur
inar
ysy
stem i
smadeupoft
he:

-
Kidney
s

-
Uret
ers
-
Bladder

-
Uret
hra

▪
D-Di
gest
iveSy
stem

I
ti sresponsi
bleforbreaki
ngdownf oodsint
onut r
ients,whichthebodyneedsforener
gy,
growth,andcel
lrepai
r.Thi
ssyst
em includesal
ltheorgansthatcar
ryfoodf
rom wher
eitent
ers
thebodytowhereitexit
s,i
ncl
udi
ngthe:

-
Mout
h

-
Esophagus

-
Stomach

-
Liv
er

-
Smal
li
ntest
ine

-
Lar
gei
ntest
ine

-
Rect
um

-
Anus

▪
E-Endocr
ineSy
stem

Theendocr
inesy
stem mostl
yregul
atesmetabol
i
sm andusesthepr
oduct
sofdi
gest
ion.Al
ong
wit
hthener v
oussystem andimmunesy stem,it’
sgeneral
l
yconsider
edoneoft hemost
compl
icat
edsyst
emsinthebody.

Thi
s organ sy
stem i
ncl
udes al
lthe gl
ands t
hatsecr
ete hor
mones i
ntot
he bl
oodst
ream,
i
ncl
uding:

-
Hypot
hal
amus

-
Pancr
eas

-
Par
athy
roi
d

-
Pineal

-
Pit
uit
aryGl
and

-
Thy
roi
d

▪
R-Repr
oduct
iveSy
stem

Thi
sist
heonl
yor
gansy
stem t
hati
snotcompl
etei
nanyonebodyandr
equi
resanot
herper
son
(
ormedi
cal
int
erv
ent
ion)t
ocompl
etei
tsmi
ssi
on,
whi
chi
stopr
oduceof
fspr
ing.

Themal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem i
ncl
udest
he:

-
Peni
s

-
Test
es/
Test
icl
es

Thef
emal
erepr
oduct
ivesy
stem i
ncl
udest
he:

-
Vagi
na

-
Uter
us

-
Ovar
ies

Asi
defr
om thei
rdi
rectr
olesinrepr
oduct
ion,t
heovari
esandtest
icl
esal
soplayi
mpor
tantr
oles
i
ntheendocr
inesy
stem,produci
ngest
rogen,t
est
oster
one,andpr
ogest
erone.