INFECTIOUS

DISEASES
BY GROUP 3
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

SARS MERSCOV

COVID-19 TUBERCULOSIS

PNEUMONIA
 Pneumonia is an infection in
lower respiratory tract.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of
the lung parenchyma caused by
various microorganisms, including
bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and
viruses.
PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-
acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-
acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the
immunocompromised host, and aspiration
pneumonia.
 CAUSES OF
PNEUMONIA

• Bacterial pneumonia or
infection
• Viral pneumonia
• Fungal pneumonia
• Hospital-acquired pneumonia
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS

 a cough
 difficulty breathing
 rapid heartbeat
 high temperature
 feeling generally unwell
 sweating and shivering
 loss of appetite
 chest pain
 DIAGNOSTIC
TEST AND FINDINGS
 Chest x-ray
 Fiberoptic bronchoscopy
 ABGs/pulse oximetry
 Gram stain/cultures
 CBC
 Serologic studies
 Pulmonary function studies
 Electrolytes
 Bilirubin
 Percutaneous aspiration
 NURSING
CARE PLAN
 NURSING ASSESSMENT

ASSESS ASSESS
RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
 NURSING ASSESSMENT

PHYSICAL
ASSESS ELDERLY
ASSESSMENT
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Ineffective airway clearance related to copious tracheobronchial
secretions.

Activity intolerance related to impaired respiratory function.

Risk for deficient fluid volume related to fever and a rapid

respiratory rate.
NURSING PLAN
Improve airway patency.

Rest to conserve energy.

Maintenance of proper fluid volume.

Maintenance of adequate nutrition.

Understanding of treatment protocol and

preventive measures.

Absence of complications.
 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
INDEPENDENT

 To improve airway patency

 To promote rest and conserve energy
 To promote fluid intake
 To maintain nutrition
 To promote patient’s knowledge
DEPENDENT
 Assist and monitor effects of nebulizer treatment and
 Administer prescribed
other respiratory physiotherapy
drugs.
 EVALUATION
 Demonstrates improved airway patency.
 Rests and conserves energy by limiting activities and remaining in bed while symptomatic
and then slowly increasing activities.
 Maintains adequate hydration.
 Consumes adequate dietary intake.
 States explanation for management strategies.
 Complies with management strategies.
 Exhibits no complications.
 Complies with treatment protocol and prevention strategies.
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

SARS MERSCOV

COVID-19 TUBERCULOSIS

PNEUMONIA
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

COVID-19 SARS

PNEUMONIA MERSCOV

TUBERCULOSIS
 An acute or chronic infection
caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, tuberculosis is
characterized by pulmonary
infiltrates, formation of
granulomas with caseation,
TUBERCULOSI
fibrosis, and cavitation.

M. Tuberculosis is an acid fast

aerobic rod that grows slowly and It may also be transmitted to the other parts of
is sensitive to ultraviolet light. the body including the meninges, kidneys,
bones and lymph nodes.
 CAUSES OF
TUBERCULOSIS

• Close contact
• Low immunity
• Substance abuse
• Inadequate health care
• Immigration
• Overcrowding
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

• Inhalation
• Transmission
• Defense
• Protection
• Ghon’s tubercle
• Scarring
• Dormancy
• Activation
TRANSMISSION
SYMPTOMS
 NURSING
CARE PLAN
 NURSING ASSESSMENT

COMPLETE
PHYSICAL EXAM
HISTORY
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Risk for infection related to inadequate primary defenses and
lowered resistance.

Ineffective airway clearance related to thick, viscous, or bloody

secretions.

Risk for impaired gas exchange related to decrease in effective lung

surface.

Activity intolerance related to imbalance between oxygen supply

and demand.

Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to

inability to ingest adequate nutrients.
NURSING PLAN
Promote airway clearance.

Adhere to treatment regimen.

Promote activity and adequate nutrition.

Prevent spread of tuberculosis infection.

 NURSING INTERVENTIONS
INDEPENDENT

 Instruct the patient about correct positioning

 teach the patient that TB is a communicable disease
 plans a progressive activity schedule
 carefully instruct the patient about important DEPENDENT
hygienic measures
 Monitor adverse effects  Administer medication as
ordered.
 EVALUATION
Promoted airway clearance.

Adhered to treatment regimen.

Promoted activity and adequate nutrition.

Prevented spread of tuberculosis infection.

 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

COVID-19 SARS

PNEUMONIA MERSCOV

TUBERCULOSIS
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

PNEUMONIA COVID-19

TUBERCULOSIS SARS

MERSCOV
 MERS or Middle East
respiratory syndrome is a
zoonotic disease (spreads from
MERS-COV
animals to people) that can cause
severe respiratory illness. It was
first identified in Saudi Arabia in
2012 and has infected more than
2,000 individuals worldwide. It is caused by a novel coronavirus (Middle
East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, or
MERS‐CoV).
CORONA VIRUS

It is a large group of virus. They can cause a

range of diseases in humans and animals
ranging from the common cold to diseases like
MERS, SARS, and the latest COVID-19 which
cause serious illness.
CORONA VIRUS
SPIKE (S protein)

MEMBRANE PROTEINS (M
protein)
HOST CELL DERIVED PHOSPHOLIPID
MEMBRANE

NUCLEOCLASPID
(N protein)

ENVELOP PROTEINS (E
protein)
MERSCOV
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ZOONOTIC
TRANSMISSION

MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus, which

means that is transmitted between
animals and people. Studies have shown
that humans are infected through direct
or indirect contact with infected
dromedary camels, although the exact
route of transmission remains unclear.
HUMAN-TO-HUMAN
TRANSMISSION

It is possible and has occurred

predominantly among close contacts and in
health care settings. It is likely to be spread
from an infected person’s respiratory
secretions through the air or through direct
contact.
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS

 rRT-PCR assay
- test for MERS-CoV in clinical respiratory, serum, and stool
specimens.
 Serology
- research/surveillance test that may offer valuable
epidemiologic data
 Laboratory studies
- Laboratory findings at presentation may include leukopenia,
lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated lactate
dehydrogenase levels
 Imaging studies
- Chest imaging findings are abnormal in more than 80% of
MERS cases
 NURSING
CARE PLAN
 NURSING ASSESSMENT

HISTORY PHYSICAL EXAM

 SYMPTOMS AND CLINICAL
MANIFESTATIONS

FEVER, CHILLS HYPOXEMIA, DYSPNEA COUGH,

RHONCHI, RALES RHINORRHEA

TACHYCARDIA HYPOTENSION
 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
Infection related to failure to avoid pathogen secondary to exposure
to MERS-CoV.

Deficient knowledge related to unfamiliarity with disease

transmission information.

Hyperthermia related to increase in metabolic rate.

Ineffective airway clearance related to excessive production of

pulmonary secretions.

Anxiety related to unknown etiology of the disease

NURSING PLAN
Prevent the spread of infection.

Learn more about the disease and its

management.

Reduce increase in temperature.

Provide a patent airway.

Reduce anxiety.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT

 Administer medication as prescribed

 Monitor vital signs
 Administer and monitor oxygen as
 Educate patient
ordered
 Reduce increase in temperature
 Consult appropriate healthcare
 Encourage ample fluid intake
providers if signs and symptoms
 Ensure patent airway
persist
 Reduce anxiety
 EVALUATION
Prevention of the spread of infection.

Acquired knowledge about the disease and its

management.

Reduction in levels of temperature.

Patent airway achieved.

Reduction in anxiety.
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

PNEUMONIA COVID-19

TUBERCULOSIS SARS

MERSCOV
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

TUBERCULOSIS PNEUMONIA

MERSCOV COVID-19

SARS
 Severe acute respiratory
syndrome (SARS) is a rapidly
spreading, potentially fatal
SARS
infectious viral disease.

A virus known as SARS-associated

coronavirus (SARS-CoV) causes
the illness. SARS first appeared in China in November
2002. Within a few months, SARS spread
worldwide, carried by unsuspecting travelers.
 ORIGIN OF
SARS
SARS is caused by a coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
normally found in wild animals such as the palm
civet cat and Chinese ferret badger. Early cases
are thought to have involved zoonotic infection,
with subsequent genetic changes enabling
greater human-to-human transmission, which
accounted for the vast majority of cases in the
global pandemic of 2002/3.
TRANSMISSION
 PATHOGENESIS

1. The SARS virus enters the body through the respiratory tract.
2. The virus infects residents, infiltrating and circulating immune
cells.
3. The immune defense is weakened significantly.
4. The extent of immune cell damage, reflected by lymphocyte
count.
 SIGNS AND
SYMPTOMS
 Headache
 Overall feeling of discomfort
 Body aches and chills
 Sore throat
 Cough
 Pneumonia
 Difficulty breathing
 Shortness of breath
 Hypoxia (insufficient oxygen in the blood)
 Diarrhea (for 10 to 20 percent of
patients)
 TREATMENT

There's currently no cure for SARS.

Treatment is mainly supportive, and may include:

- assisting with breathing using a ventilator to deliver oxygen
- antibiotics to treat bacteria that cause pneumonia
- antiviral medicines
- high doses of steroids to reduce swelling in the lungs
To prevent spreading the infection, it's important to:

 wash your hands thoroughly using an alcohol-based hand

detergent
 cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough
 avoid sharing food, drink and utensils
 regularly clean surfaces with disinfectant

In some situations, it may be appropriate to wear gloves, masks

and goggles to help prevent the spread of SARS

PREVENTION
 NURSING
CARE PLAN
 NURSING ASSESSMENT

HISTORY PHYSICAL EXAM

 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Hyperthermia related to increase

• Infection related to

• Ineffective Breathing Pattern related to shortness of breath as

evidence by cough and excessive mucus production

• Anxiety related to
NURSING PLAN
SHORT TERM GOALS

- Isolate the patient

- Counsel about the proper hand hygiene

- Use of personal protective equipment such as

masks, eyewear or gloves.

- Minimization of present symptoms

NURSING PLAN
LONG TERM GOALS

- Preventing the virus from spreading.

- Educate the patient more about the illness and

how to prevent it.

- Enhance the body's core temperature.

- Rebuild the regular breathing pattern.

NURSING INTERVENTIONS
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT

 Vitals signs monitoring Pharmacological interventions

 O2 saturation
 Body temperature monitoring  Antiviral drugs
 Hand hygiene  Antibiotics
 Aid the patient towards alleviating  Any medication ordered by the
their symptoms attending physician.
 EVALUATION
Prevention of the spread of infection.

Acquired knowledge about the disease and its

management.

Improved body temperature levels.

Restored normal breathing pattern.

Reduction in anxiety.
 EVALUATION
- Patient was able to prevent the virus from
spreading.

- Patient was able to understand more about the

disease and how to prevent it.

- Patient was able restore the body's normal

temperature.

- Patient was able to restore the regular

breathing pattern.
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

TUBERCULOSIS PNEUMONIA

MERSCOV COVID-19

SARS
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

MERSCOV TUBERCULOSIS

SARS PNEUMONIA

COVID-19
 Coronavirus disease 2019 or
COVID-19 which is a highly
contagious viral infection that
COVID-19
attack primarily a person’s throat
and lungs, specifically the
respiratory system. Covid 19
spread within China and to the of Infection with severe acute respiratory
the world. syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2, causes
coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which
was first reported in December 2019 in China
and spread globally.
 ORIGIN OF COVID-
19

It is known that coronavirus circulate in a range of

animals, sometimes these viruses can make the
jump from animals to humans, this is called a
spillover and could be due to range of factors
such as mutations in the virus or increased
contact between humans and animals.
TRANSMISSION
SYMPTOMS

Incubation period (development of

symptoms) occurs around 5-6 days after
exposure but can range from 1-14 days.

Symptoms may be very mild to severe and

some may become asymptomatic.
 COVID-19 SYMPTOMS
COMMON SYMPTOMS SYMPTOMS IN
SEVERE CASES

PNEUMONIA

ORGAN
FAILURE
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS

 PCR test
- Pros: Most accurate
- Cons: Longer processing time
 Antibody test
- Pros: Rapid, detects disease spread
- Cons: False positives/ negatives
 Antigen test
- Pros: Rapid and inexpensive
- Cons: Accuracy problems
 NURSING
CARE PLAN
 NURSING ASSESSMENT

TRAVEL HISTORY PHYSICAL EXAM

 NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Infection related to failure to avoid pathogen secondary to
exposure to COVID-19.

• Deficient knowledge related to unfamiliarity with disease

transmission information.

• Hyperthermia related to increase in metabolic rate.

• Impaired breathing pattern related to shortness of breath.

• Anxiety related to unknown etiology of the disease.

NURSING PLAN
Prevent the spread of infection.

Learn more about the disease and its

management.

Improve body temperature levels.

Restore breathing pattern to normal.

Reduce anxiety.
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
INDEPENDENT
 Monitor vital signs
 Monitor 02 saturation
 Maintain respiratory isolation
 Enforce strict hand hygiene
 Manage hyperthermia
 Educate the patient and companion
DEPENDENT
 Administer medication as per
doctor’s order
 Administer and monitor oxygen as
ordered
 Consult appropriate healthcare
providers if signs and symptoms
persist
 EVALUATION
Prevention of the spread of infection.

Acquired knowledge about the disease and its

management.

Improved body temperature levels.

Restored normal breathing pattern.

Reduction in anxiety.
To prevent spreading the infection, it's important to:

 Cover your mouth and nose

 Wash hand regularly
 Social distancing
 Appropriate use of mask and personal protective equipment
 Avoid crowded place
 Stay at home
 Get vaccinated

PREVENTION
 COVID-19 VACCINES
Vaccine to prevent covid-19 are:

• Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.

• Moderna (mRNA-1273) COVID-19 vaccine.
• Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.
• J&J COVID-19 vaccine.
• Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine.
• Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine.
• COVAXIN.
• Covovax.
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

MERSCOV TUBERCULOSIS

SARS PNEUMONIA

COVID-19
 GROUP 3

 Heziel Mae Sebastian

 Mica Mae Nacional
 Lindsey Charles Takami
 Honney Grace Manalili
 Nicole Villamael