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Factors Influencing Rates
• Supply
– Households
• Demand
– Businesses
• Government’s Net Supply and/or Demand
– Federal Reserve Actions
5-2
Real and Nominal Rates of Interest
r R i
5-3
Equilibrium Real Rate of Interest
• Determined by:
– Supply
– Demand
– Government actions
– Expected rate of inflation
5-4
Figure 5.1 Determination of the
Equilibrium Real Rate of Interest
5-5
Equilibrium Nominal Rate of Interest
5-6
Taxes and the Real Rate of Interest
5-7
Comparing Rates of Return for Different
Holding Periods
100
rf (T ) 1
P (T )
5-8
Example 5.2 Annualized Rates of Return
5-9
Formula for EARs and APRs
1
EAR {1 r f (T ) }T 1
1
T
5-10
Table 5.1 Annual Percentage Rates
(APR) and Effective Annual Rates (EAR)
5-11
Bills and Inflation, 1926-2005
5-12
Table 5.2 History of T-bill Rates, Inflation
and Real Rates for Generations, 1926-2005
5-13
Figure 5.2 Interest Rates and Inflation,
1926-2005
5-14
Figure 5.3 Nominal and Real Wealth
Indexes for Investment in Treasury Bills,
1966-2005
5-15
Risk and Risk Premiums
Rates of Return: Single Period
P1 P 0 D1
HPR
P0
HPR = Holding Period Return
P0 = Beginning price
P1 = Ending price
D1 = Dividend during period one
5-16
Rates of Return: Single Period Example
Ending Price = 48
Beginning Price = 40
Dividend = 2
5-17
Expected Return and Standard Deviation
Expected returns
E (r ) p ( s )r ( s )
s
p(s) = probability of a state
r(s) = return if a state occurs
s = state
5-18
Scenario Returns: Example
5-19
Variance or Dispersion of Returns
Variance:
p ( s ) r ( s ) E ( r )
2 2
s
Standard deviation = [variance]1/2
Using Our Example:
Var =[(.1)(-.05-.15)2+(.2)(.05- .15)2…+ .1(.35-.15)2]
Var= .01199
S.D.= [ .01199] 1/2 = .1095
5-20
Time Series Analysis of Past Rates of
Return
1 n
E ( r ) s 1 p ( s ) r ( s ) s 1 r ( s )
n
5-21
Geometric Average Return
TV n
(1 r1 )(1 r2 ) x x (1 rn )
TV = Terminal Value of the
Investment
g TV 1/ n
1
g= geometric average
rate of return
5-22
Geometric Variance and Standard
Deviation Formulas
• Variance = expected value of squared
deviations 2
1 n
r ( s ) r
2
n s 1
5-23
The Reward-to-Volatility (Sharpe) Ratio
Risk Premium
Sharpe Ratio for Portfolios =
SD of Excess Return
5-24
Figure 5.4 The Normal Distribution
5-25
Figure 5.5A Normal and Skewed Distributions
(mean = 6% SD = 17%)
5-26
Figure 5.5B Normal and Fat-Tailed
Distributions (mean = .1, SD =.2)
5-27
Figure 5.6 Frequency Distributions of
Rates of Return for 1926-2005
5-28
Table 5.3 History of Rates of Returns of Asset
Classes for Generations, 1926- 2005
5-29
Table 5.4 History of Excess Returns of Asset
Classes for Generations, 1926- 2005
5-30
Figure 5.7 Nominal and Real Equity
Returns Around the World, 1900-2000
5-31
Figure 5.8 Standard Deviations of Real Equity
and Bond Returns Around the World, 1900-2000
5-32
Figure 5.9 Probability of Investment Outcomes
After 25 Years with A Lognormal Distribution
5-33
Terminal Value with Continuous
Compounding
When the continuously compounded rate of
return on an asset is normally distributed, the
effective rate of return will be lognormally
distributed
5-34
Figure 5.10 Annually Compounded, 25-Year
HPRs from Bootstrapped History and
A Normal Distribution (50,000 Observation)
5-35
Figure 5.11 Annually Compounded,
25-Year HPRs from Bootstrapped
History(50,000 Observation)
5-36
Figure 5.12 Wealth Indexes of Selected
Outcomes of Large Stock Portfolios and
the Average T-bill Portfolio
5-37
Table 5.5 Risk Measures for Non-Normal
Distributions
5-38