Energy Work Heat & Power

SPH3U - Chapter 4 Notes Physics 11

Mr. Brown
Thermal Energy and Heat
Heat Transfer

Heat is given off when an object's thermal energy

is transferred. Thermal energy can be transferred
in three ways: by conduction, by convection, and
by radiation.
1. Conduction
Eureka 24 - conduction.flv

Conduction is the transfer of energy from one

molecule to another. This transfer occurs when
molecules hit against each other, similar to a game
of pool where one moving ball strikes another,
causing the second to move. Conduction takes
place in solids, liquids, and gases, but works best in
materials that have simple molecules that are
located close to each other. For example, metal is a
better conductor than wood or plastic.
 Eureka 27 - convection.flv

2. Convection

Convection is the movement of heat by a liquid

such as water or a gas such as air. The liquid or
gas moves from one location to another, carrying
heat along with it. This movement of a mass of
heated water or air is called a current.
 Eureka 29 - radiation waves.flv

3. Radiation

Heat travels from the sun by a process called radiation.

Radiation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
When infrared rays strike a material, the molecules in that
material move faster. In addition to the sun, light bulbs,
irons, and toasters radiate heat. When we feel heat around
these items, however, we are feeling convection heat
(warmed air molecules) rather than radiated heat since the
heat waves strike and energize surrounding air molecules.
 Let's do a simple thought experiment: Suppose we take two blocks of
metal: one made of copper and the other made of aluminum. Now in order
to compare how these two material behave, we need to make sure that we
have the same mass of each, so let's say we have exactly 1.0 kg. of each.
(Remember that mass is a measure of the amount of matter, so if they
have the same mass, the have the same amount of matter, even though
the aluminum will be a bit bigger in size).
Now we will add exactly 5000 J of heat energy. We can do this by using a
little electric heating element that supplies an exact amount of heat. What
will happen to the two blocks of metals when we add this heat?

You already know that the temperature will

increase. This is because if we are adding
heat, then the energy of the atoms in the
metal is increasing, and since the
temperature measures the average kinetic
energy, the temperature will increase. But
how much will the temperature increase?
And will it be the same for both of them?
As the heat is added, you can see that the temperature is rising. But it is
rising much faster for the copper than it is for the Aluminum, even though
we have the same mass of each. How can this be? Well, just like people
are different, so are physical substances. In this case, we would say that
Aluminum has a greater capacity for heat. They both got the same amount
of heat, but that heat was able to "fill up" the Copper, while the temperature
of the Aluminum did not change as much.

The greater the heat capacity, the less the temperature will change for a
given amount of added heat. If a material has a very small heat capacity,
then giving it 5000 J of heat will make the temperature change a lot.
Specific Heat Capacity
Specific Heat
Substance J/kg̍C
Aluminum 900
Copper 387
Germanium 322
Glass 837
Gold 129
Ice 2090
Iron 448
Lead 128
Mercury 138
Silicon 703
Silver 234
Steam 2010
Water 4186
Specific Heat Capacities
 Sample Problem
How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 2.2
kg of water 200C to the boiling point?
Solution
 Specific Heat of Fusion and
Vaporization
When a substance changes state from solid to liquid and
from liquid to gas it requires energy to change the state
For this equation there exists Cf (specific heat of fusion)
and Cv (specif hear of vaporization)
 Specific Heat of Fusion
Heat of fusion Heat of fusion
Substance  
(cal/g)   (J/g)  
water 79.72 333.55
methane 13.96 58.41
ethane 22.73 95.10
propane 19.11 79.96
methanol 23.70 99.16
ethanol 26.05 108.99
glycerol 47.95 200.62
formic acid 66.05 276.35
acetic acid 45.91 192.09
acetone 23.42 97.99
benzene 30.45 127.40
myristic acid 47.49 198.70
palmitic acid 39.18 163.93
stearic acid 47.54 198.91
 Specific Heat of Vaporization
Heat of vaporization ( Heat of vaporization (kJ kg
Compound
kJ mol-1) -1
)

Ammonia 35 1371

Butane 21.0 320

Ethanol 38.6 841

Hydrogen 0.46 451.9

Methane 8.19 760

Methanol 35.3 1104

Propane 15.7 356

Phosphine 14.6 429.4

Water 40.65 2257

Bill Nye - Heat
 Principle of Heat Exchange
When heat is transferred from one body to another, the
amount of heat lost by the hot body equals the amount of
heat gained by the cold body
 Sample Problem 1
Let's go back to our original blocks of copper and aluminum. We know
that they each received 5000 J of heat. This is Q. We also know their
mass (1.0 kg each) and we know the specific heat of each metal (from
our table). We can therefor use the formula to calculate how much the
temperature will change when the block are given the 5000 J of heat.
Aluminum Copper
The idea is this: in a thermally isolated system, the total heat energy
has to add up to zero. If a coin of gold loses 100 J of heat, then the
water must gain 100 J of heat. We would write the loss of 100 J as
Qgold= -100 J. The water gains 100 J, so Qwater = +100 J. You can
then see that if we add up the heat gained and lost, we should get zero.
If we do not get zero, then our system has lost or gained some heat
from the outside world.
This is stated as "The sum of the heat that flows is zero". Remember
from forces that the symbol S is a short-hand way that mathematicians
say "add 'em all up". So what this really means is that when you add
up all the heat that flows in your experiment, it must be zero. If 100
Joules of heat is lost, then 100 J must be gained someplace, so the sum
(-100J + 100 J) is always zero.
 Sample Problem 2
Let's suppose that we have a 28 g. coin of gold that is
initially at 100 ̍C. We also have a styrofoam cup that
contains 250 g. of water at room temperature (24 ̍C). We
will drop the coin into the water and we want to know what
the final temperature (called the equilibrium temperature)
will be. So, we will solve this problem using our formula
Q g  Qw  0
m g c g t g  mw cw t w  0
(0028
. )(129 )(tf 100 ) (025
. )(4186 )(tf 24 ) 0
J J
(3612
. )(t f  100c)  (10465
. )(t f  24c)  0
C C
J J
3612
. tf  3612
.  c 10465
. tf  25116 c  0
C C
1050 . 112 t f  25477 .2  C
t f  24 . 26  C
 Practice 10-16
Section 4.5 question 1-6

Factoid
There are other ways to measure heat and energy. The
British system uses the calorie. 1000 calories make 1 kilo-
calorie, or kcal. This kCal is actually the unit that is on your
Snickers Bar when it says 350 Calories. Food Calories are
actually kilo-calories, so 350 kcal looks better than 350,000
calories.
If you ever need to convert between the two, you can use the
conversion 4.168 Joules = 1 cal, or if the problem is
referring to food, the unit is the Cal (notice the capital letter
C) and 1 Cal = 4168 J