Elements

of

Literature
 Fiction Poetry

Divisions
of
Literature
Essay Drama
 A. Setting

Elements it is the time and place in which the events

of of story occur. It consists of the so-called
"local color" exemplified by the superficial
Fiction/ elements of setting, dialect, and customs.
Prose
 B. Characters
Elements these are the representation of human
of being in a story. They are both the
combination of inner and outer self.
Fiction/
Prose
 Characterization

the method used by the character to reveal

the personality of the characters
Ways of Revealing Literary
Characters
• Actions of characters
• Thought of characters
• Descriptions of the characters
• Descriptions of other characters
• Descriptions of the author
Kinds of Characters
• according to Principality

• Protagonist
character whom the reader emphasizes

2. Antagonist
character that go against the main character
Kinds of Characters
• according to Development

• Dynamic
can exhibit noticeable development

• Static
exhibits no changes and development
Kinds of Characters
• according to Personality
• Round
can display different/multiple personalities

• Flat

reveals conventional traits; personality does not grow

 C. Plot
Elements
it is the sequence of events in
of the story that are linked by
Fiction/ casuality

Prose
 Kinds of Plot
• Linear Plot
moves with the natural sequence of events
where actions are arranged sequentially

• Circular Plot

a plot where the linear sequence is

interrupted by an event that happened in the
past
 Kinds of Plot
• En Medias Res

a plot where the story commences in the middle

part of the action; the story will begin in a
situation that will be developed in later action
 Parts of a Plot

• Exposition

it sets the sequence by introducing the situation

and settings likewise lays out the characters.
 Parts of a Plot
• Conflict
it is when the conflict is presented to the characters; it
is the start of the major conflict/problem

• Rising Action

the part that establishes, uncertainty, tension, and

curiosity; it requires solutions and decision that the
characters try
 Parts of a Plot
• Climax

the peak of the story which leads to affirmation,

action, and realization. The point of greatest
emotional intensity, interest, and suspense
 Parts of a Plot
• Falling Action
it is when all points are wrapping up, it can be identified
as the decreasing tension and relaxation of emotions

• Denouement

the part of the story that brings the story to the

equilibrium
 Literary Devices

• Flashback
the writer interrupted the chronological sequence of
events to go back to an event in the past

• Foreshadowing

the writer use hints and clues to indicate events that

will occur in the story
 Conflict
• the opposition of persons or forces in the
story

TYPES OF CONFLICT

A. Man Vs Man
one character has a problem with the one or more
characters
 TYPES OF CONFLICT

B. Man Vs. Society

the character has a conflict with some

elements of society - school and law

C. Man V. Self

the character has a trouble deciding what

to do in a particular situation
 TYPES OF CONFLICT

D. Man Vs. Nature

the character has a conflict with some natural

happening - rain, bitter cold, and other elements
of nature

E. Man Vs. Fate

the character has a conflict with what it seems to

be an uncontrollable problem
 D. Point of View
Elements
it also known as the narrative noise that
of tells the story and how it should be
Fiction/ filtered to the audience

Prose
 TYPES OF POV

1. First Person Point of View

the character-narrator narrates the story in

the "I" voice, expressing his own views

2. Third Person Omniscient Point of View

tell the story from all-knowing POV; he sees the

mind of all the character
 3. Third Person Limited Point of View

the "camera technique narrator" as he can tell the story

based on what he can see and hear inside the world of the
story

4. Third Person Central Point of View

the narrator has a limited narration of what the central character

thinks, feels, and what and whom he observes
5. Third Person Editorial Point of View

the narrator comments on the action of the characters by telling

the readers its significance or evaluating the character
 E. Theme

Elements
it is the main idea and significant truth about
of life and its nature that takes place in the
Fiction/ action, preoccupations, and decisions of the
characters.
Prose
 a. Sense of Poem

1. Denotation and Connotation

Elements
of Denotation is the dictionary meaning of a word
while connotation is the suggested or implied
Poetry meaning of the word beyond its dictionary
definition
 2. Imagery

the use of sensory description to create a mental

images, this is otherwise known as "sense of the
mind"
 3. Figurative Language

the language that is used for descriptive effect to

convey ideas and emotions which is not literary try
but express some truth beyond what is literal
 Figures of Speech

specific devices or figurative language that

uses words, phrases, and sentences in a non-
literal definition; it gives meaning in
abstractions
• Synecdoche
• Antithesis
• Apostrophe
• Hyperbole
• Irony
• Metaphor
• Metonymy
• Onomatopoeia
• Oxymoron
• Paradox
• Personification
• Tone Color

it is achieved through repetition

i. Alliteration
ii. Assonance
iii. Consonance
iv. Rhyme and Rhyme Scheme
 2. Rhythm

the tempo and flow of the sound; the

pattern of beats created by the
arrangement of stressed and unstressed
syllables
 3. Meter

• describes the rhythm (or pattern of beats) in a

line of poetry.
• regular occurrence of stressed and unstressed
syllables in a line
• its unit of measurement is "foot" which
contained the stressed and unstressed syllables
 Metrical Foot

• Iambic U /
• Trochaic / U
• Dactyl / U U
• Anapestic U U /
• Spondee / /
• Pyrrhic U U
Meter in Poetry

•monometer -1 foot
•dimeter - 2 feet
•trimeter - 3 feet
•tetrameter - 4 feet
•pentameter - 5 feet
•hexameter - 6 feet
•heptameter - 7feet
•octameter - 8 feet
•nanometer - 9 feet
•decameter - 10 feet
 • Idea - explores the general proposition
and thesis statement that the essay
argues about the topic
Elements • motive - identifies the reason for writing
of the essay, establishes why the topic has
Essay to be taken up and why the readers need
to care about it.
 • structure - forms that shape the ideas; the
sequence of sub-topic and sections through
Elements which the ideas are unfolded and
of developed
• evidence - identifies the facts and details,
Essay
summarized or quoted that one uses to
support and prove his claims
 • explanation - are bits of background
summary to orient the reader who are
not familiar with the topic
Elements
of • coherence - the smoothness of the flow
of argument created by transition
Essay sentences that shows how the next
sentences or paragraphs follow from
the preceding one thus sustaining the
momentum
 • implications - places speculation on
the general significance of a particular
Elements analysis of a particular text
of
• presence - points out the sensation of
Essay life in writing, of a mind invested in
and focused on a subject
 1. Introduction
Basic Parts
it introduces the topic which
of includes the opening hook and
the thesis statement
Essay
Basic 2. Body

Parts presents the discussion and

of illustration of the topic, it
includes the evidences that
Essay
supports the thesis statement,
it also consist of 3 arguments
to prove the claims about the
topic
Basic 3. Conclusion
Parts it wraps up the essay and
of restated the thesis statement; it
presents the generalization of
Essay
the essay
Elements • Characters
• Settings
of • Plot
Drama • Theme
 • Dialogue
Elements
This is the words, style and dialects used by
of
the characters. It is the script of the drama.
Drama
 • Music
Elements
Music refers to anything and everything that
of the audience hears from the stage. It
Drama includes words, music, background score,
sound effects, silences, pauses which
contribute to the intensity of the theme,
character and plot.
 • Spectacle
Elements
refers to anything and everything that the
of audience sees. It includes scenery, makeup,
Drama costume, actors movements, lights etc.
References

Sialongo, Erlinda et al., (2007), Literatures of the World, p. 1-20.

https://shakespearequotesandplays.com/elements-of-drama/