Domains, Kingdoms,

and Phyla
Grouping Organisms
And Classification
 Age of Life on Earth
• 3.5 billion years ago
(prokaryotes came first)

• 1.5 million species have been

named by classification system called
taxonomy (to name and group
organisms in a logical manner)
 Taxonomy
• Discipline where
scientists classify
organisms and
assign them a
scientific name
 Domains
3 largest
classification
groups
Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukarya
 THREE Domains
…Kingdoms
Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya
Prokaryotic (no true nucleus) (true nucleus)
(true bacteria) (extreme (protists
bacteria) fungi
plants
animals)
 TAXONS
• Domain (3): Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya
• Kingdom (6)
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
TAXONS: levels of taxonomy
 Kingdom
King
 Phylum Phillip memorize
 Class Came
 Order Over
 Family
 Genus From
 Species Great
Spain
LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
This is the one
organism you
need to
memorize.
 Ever hear of E. coli?

• It is the
abbreviated
form of the
scientific
name of
Escherichia
coli
 T. rex.
• Tyrannosaurus rex

• Often lazy
scientists just
abbreviate the
Genus with just a
letter.
 binomial nomenclature

• is the two part name of

organisms.
two terms: the genus
name and the species
• Example:
Common name = sugar pine
Scientific name = Pinus lambertiana

• ponderosa pine: Pinus ponderosa

lodgepole pine: Pinus contorta
 Some Unusual Names
• Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named
after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his
narrating a documentary.
• Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp)
• Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the
Irish potato famine)
• Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly)
• Gelae baen (fungus beetle)
 Escherichia coli or
Escherichia coli
• Genus first letter is
CAPITALIZED (written
first)
• Species is
lower case
• Written in Latin
• Italicized OR underlined
How do you write scientific name
for humans?
• Homo sapiens
• OR
• Homo sapiens
 Carolus Linnaeus: devised the
binomial nomenclature system

• Studied medicine 1707-1778

• Disappointed Our Hero
parents that he
did not enter
priesthood
• Studied plants to
make medicines
 Linnaeus’ Botanical Garden
Classification Chart
of Primates
Where do the name come from?
• Often they are Latin words, but they may
also come from Ancient Greek, from a
place, from a person (preferably a
naturalist), a name from a local language,
etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with
specific descriptors from a variety of
sources, including inside-jokes and puns.
 Some Unusual Names
• Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named
after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his
narrating a documentary.
• Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp)
• Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the
Irish potato famine)
• Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly)
• Gelae baen (fungus beetle)
 Dichotomous Key
• An identification key, also
known as a dichotomous
key, is a method of deducing
the correct species
assignment of a living thing.
Two Ways to Make the Key
• "Dichotomous" means
"divided into two parts".
Therefore, dichotomous
keys always give two
choices in each step.
• 1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2
• 1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5
• 2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny
• 2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3
• 3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel.
• 3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4
• 4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime
• 4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter
• 5 A. Number 1 in the corners...............................$1 bill
• 5 B. Number 2 in the corners...............................$2 bill
EEK! - Dichotomous Tree Key
(click Here)
 All Tree Leaves
• Needles Broadleaf

Avoid using subjective terms: colors, big/small

(numbers are better)

Can use tree

guides.
 Tips
• Better if the choice a positive one -
something "is" instead of "is not".

• If possible, start both choices of a pair with

the same word.
• 1. a. leaves with lobes
• b. leaves single (no lobes)
 Some common terms
• lobed and one entire

» serrated
 Some examples
• Round, serrated Base not even

• Teeth wide, sunken veins

 Examples
• Four pointed lobes Leaflets across

• Deep lobes
almost to rib
Some even have more than one
shape on the same tree
 Get Handout: Good Tips
• Make a dichotomous key of 15 leaves
• One key/lab table
• Use 4 feet of white paper
• Use measurements (5 cm) rather than terms
like "large" and "small".
• Use terms others would understand.
• Always make two choices.
• Leaves will be taped at the end of the division.
 Comparing Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic
• PROKARYOTIC • EUKARYOTIC
• No true nucleus • True nucleus with a
(called a nucleoid) membrane
• smaller • larger

• Comparing
prokaryotic and
eukaryotic
Six Kingdoms: Get Handout
 Two Domains are Prokaryotic
• Genetic material NOT in a nucleus
(called a nucleoid instead)
• INCLUDES:

1.Eubacteria –true bacteria

2. Archaea – extreme bacteria
(sometimes “archaebacteria”)
• Bacteria Youtube (Archaea and Eubacteria) (2:33)
 Kingdom: Archaea
or Archaebacteria)
• Prokaryotic –no true nucleus
• Cell walls with no peptidoglycan
(see next slide)
• Unicellular – one celled
• Live in most extreme
environments
• Discovering Archaea (3:24) FYI: Discovered
1977
 What is peptidoglycan?
• A cross-linked complex of
polysaccharides (sugars) and
peptides (proteins) found in the
cell walls of bacteria
 Kingdom: Archaea
• Thermophiles –love heat
• Psychrophiles –cold-loving
• Acidophiles –love acidic
environments
• Halophiles-love salty
• Barophiles-high pressure (ocean
bottom)
 Archaea Examples
Found in hot
• Thermus springs
aquaticus
(Extremophiles
Youtube)
 Archaea Examples
A-thermophile
B-halophile
C-halophile
D-carbonatphile
E-halophile
F-calcium
carbonatphile
-What are extremophiles?
(54 secs)
-Extremophiles (1:25)
-Bozeman Biology:
Archaea (7:16)
 Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true
bacteria)
• Prokaryotic – no true
nucleus (just a nucleoid)
• Cell wall with peptidoglycan
• Unicellular –one-celled
• Diverse environments and
metabolism
 Eubacteria (Common)
• Staphylococcus
• Anthracis bacillus
• Escherichia coli
• Streptococcus
 Eubacteria Examples
• Neisseria
gonorrhoeae

• Staphylococcus
aureus(skin)
 Domain: Eukarya
HAVE A NUCLEUS
(membrane around the
Genetic material)
Includes 4 Kingdoms:
Protists
Fungi
Animals
Plants
 Kingdom: Protista
• Eukaryotic – DO
have a nucleus
• Usually unicellular
• Varied cell walls
• (Plant-like, animal-
like, fungus –like)
 PROTISTA
• Plant-like protists
(have chlorophyll)

• Animal-like protists
(Move)

Fungus-like protists
(slime molds move like
amoeba,
decomposer)
 Protista Examples
Protist Youtube
Euglena • Paramecium

Stentor

Volvox
(colonial)
 Kingdom: FUNGI
• Eukaryotic
• Cell walls of
chitin –
stiffener
• Can be
multicellular or
unicellular
 Fungi

• Yeast
(unicellular
fungi)
• Can you see
the budding?
 More Fungi
• Bracket Fungus Toenail Fungus

Bread
mold
 More Fungi
• Penicillium Black Mold

Hot dog
mold
 Kingdom: Plantae
• Eukaryotic
• Cell wall made of cellulose
• Multicellular –more than one
cell
• Autotrophic –photosynthetic
– make their own food
 What is cellulose?
Stiff, interlocking fibers in plants
Examples:
 Kingdom: Animalia
• Eukaryotic
• No cell wall
• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic –need to get
food from other sources
(plants and animals)
Animalia
What kingdom are you?