02 Chapter 7 Thermochem

GENERAL CHEMISTRY
PRINCIPLES AND MODERN APPLICATIONS

ELEVENTH EDITION
PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE
7
Thermochemistry
PHILIP DUTTON
UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Slide 7 - 1 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

CONTENTS
Thermochemistry 7-1 Getting Started: Some
Terminology
7-2 Heat
7-3 Heats of Reaction
and Calorimetry
7-4 Work
7-5 The First Law of
Thermodynamics
7-6 Application of the First Law to
Chemical and Physical Changes
7-7 Indirect Determination
of DrH: Hess’s Law
7-8 Standard Enthalpies of
Formation
7-9 Fuels as Sources of
Energy
7-10 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous
Processes: An Introduction

7-1 Getting Started: Some Terminology
FIGURE 7-1
Systems and their surroundings

Energy, U
The capacity to do work.
Work, w
Force acting through a distance.
Kinetic Energy, eK
The energy of motion.
Potential Energy, V
The stored energy has potential to do work.
Slide 4 of 57 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

1 J = 1 kg m2 s–2
Kinetic Energy
2
1 kg m
Ek = mu 2
[Ek ] = = J
2 s
Work
w=Fxd
m m
= mxaxd [w ] = kg 2 = J
s
Potential Energy
Energy due to condition, position, or composition.
Associated with forces of attraction or repulsion between objects.
Energy can change from potential to kinetic.

FIGURE 7-2
Potential energy (P.E.) and kinetic energy (K.E.)

Isolated system

7-2 Heat
Thermal Energy
Kinetic energy associated with random molecular motion.
In general proportional to temperature.
An intensive property.
Heat and Work

q and w.
Energy changes.

Heat (q)
Technically speaking, heat

is not “energy.”
Heat is energy transfer
between a system and its
surroundings, caused by
a temperature difference.
More energetic … transfer energy to
• Thermal equilibrium molecules … less energetic molecules.
occurs when the system
and surroundings reach
the same temperature How do the root-mean-square
speeds of the Ar atoms and the N2
and heat transfer stops.
molecules compare at the point of
thermal equilibrium?
Internal energy is transferred between a system and its
surroundings as a result of a temperature difference.
Heat “flows” from hotter to colder.

Temperature may change.
Phase may change (an isothermal process).

calorie (cal)
The quantity of heat required to change the temperature
of one gram of water by one degree Celsius.
Joule (J)
SI unit for heat
1 cal = 4.184 J

Heat Capacity
The quantity of heat required to change the temperature of a
system by one degree.
Heat capacity
∆T = Tf – Ti

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure, cP,m
quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of
one mole of substance by one degree celcius.
Specific heat capacity, cp.

quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of
one gram of substance by one degree celcius.
(7.5)

Law of conservation of energy
In interactions between a system and its

surroundings the total energy remains
constant— energy is neither created nor destroyed.
qsystem + qsurroundings = 0
qsystem = –qsurroundings

Experimental Determination
of Specific Heat Capacities
FIGURE 7-3
Determining the specific heat of lead – Example 7-2 illustrated

7-3 Heats of Reaction and Calorimetry
Chemical energy.
Energy associated with chemical bonds and intermolecular
interactions. Contributes to the internal energy of a system.
Heat of reaction, qrxn.
The quantity of heat exchanged between a system and its
surroundings when a chemical reaction occurs within the system, at
constant temperature.

FIGURE 7-4
Conceptualizing a heat of reaction at constant temperature

Exothermic and endothermic reactions

KEEP IN MIND
that the temperature of a
reaction mixture usually
changes during a reaction, so
the mixture must be returned
to the initial temperature
(actually or hypothetically)
before we assess how much
heat is exchanged with the
surroundings.

A bomb calorimeter assembly
qrxn = –qcal
qcal = q bomb + q water + q wires +…
Define the heat capacity of the

calorimeter:
qcal = ∑mici∆T = Ccal∆T
all i
FIGURE 7-5
A bomb calorimeter assembly

Endothermic and Exothermic reactions
The Coffee-Cup Calorimeter
A simple calorimeter.
Well insulated and therefore
isolated.
Measure temperature change.
qrxn = –qcal
FIGURE 7-6
A Styrofoam “coffee-cup” calorimeter

Exercise
A 50.0 mL sample of 0.250 M HCl at 19.50 °C is added to 50.0 mL NaOH
also at 19.50 °C, in a styrofoam cup calorimeter. After mixing, the
temperature rises to 21.21 °C. Calculate the heat of this reaction in kJ/mol.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O (l) H = ?
Assumptions:
•The volumes are additive. Vtot = 100.0 mL
•NaCl(aq) is dilute, d and s of water can be used.
•The system is completely isolated, no heat is lost.
•The heat absorbed by the calorimeter is negligible.
Slide 38 of 57 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 05/07/23Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Solution
qcalorim = m x s T = 100.0 g x 4.18 J/g°C x (21.21 – 19.50) °C = 715 J
qcalorim = -qrxn = -715 J
nHCl = 0.0500 L x 0.250 mol/L = 0.0125 mol
nNaOH = nHCl = nH2O = 0.0125 mol
H = -715 J was achieved with 0.0125 mol
H = -715 J / 0.0125 mol = -5.72 x 104 J/mol = -57.2 kJ/mol
The heat of neutralization of hydrochloride acid with sodium hydroxide is -

57.2 kJ/mol.

7-4 Work
In addition to heat effects
chemical reactions may also do
work.
Gas formed pushes against the

atmosphere.
The volume changes.
Pressure-volume work.
FIGURE 7-7
Illustrating work (expansion) during the chemical reaction
2 KClO3(s) 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
w=Fxd
= –(M x g)×∆h
(M x g)
=– ×∆h ×A
A
= –P∆V
w = –Pext∆V
FIGURE 7-8
Pressure-volume work

Exercise
0.100 mol of helium at 298 K is confined under the pressure of two

weights, each one corresponding to an external pressure of 1.20 atm.
When one weight is removed, the gas expands against the remaining
external pressure and lifts the remaining weight. Calculate the work done.
w = – Pext V
Pinitial = 2.40 atm, Pfinal = 1.20 atm
PV = nRT
Vinitial = nRT/P =
0.100 mol x 0.082058 L atm/K mol x 298 K / 2.40 atm = 1.0188 L

Exercise
Vfinal = nRT/P =
0.100 mol x 0.082058 L atm/K mol x 298 K / 1.20 atm = 2.0377 L
w = – Pext V
w = – 1.20 atm x (2.0377 L – 1.0188 L) = – 1.2225 L atm
w = P V = F/A V = m x a / A x V
J = Pa x m3 = N/m2 x m3 = N m = kg x m/s2 / m2 x m3 = kg m2/s2
1 atm = 101325 Pa
1 atm L = 101.325 J
– 1.2225 L atm x 101.325 J/ atm L = – 1.24 102 J

PRACTICE EXAMPLE B: How much work
is done, in joules, when an external
pressure of 2.50 atm is applied, at a
constant temperature of 20.0 C, to 50.0 g
N2(g) in a 75.0 L cylinder?
7-5 CONCEPT ASSESSMENT
Concept Assessment:
A gas in a 1.0 L closed cylinder has an initial pressure of

10.0 bar. It has a final pressure of 5.0 bar. The volume of
the cylinder remained constant during this time.
What form of energy was transferred across the boundary

to cause this change?
In which direction did the energy flow?

7-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Internal Energy, U.
Total energy (potential and kinetic) in a
system.
• Translational kinetic energy.

• Molecular rotation.
• Bond vibration.
• Intermolecular attractions.
• Chemical bonds.
• Electrons.
FIGURE 7-9
Some contributions to the internal energy of a system

7-5 The First Law of Thermodynamics
A system contains only internal energy.

A system does not contain heat or work.
These only occur during a change in the system.
∆U = q + w

An isolated system is unable to exchange either heat or
work with its surroundings, so that Uisolated system = 0,
and we can say:
The energy of an isolated system is constant

FIGURE 7-10
Illustration of sign conventions used in thermodynamics

PRACTICE EXAMPLE A: In compressing a
gas, 355 J of work is done on the system.
At the same time, 185 J of heat escapes
from the system. What is for the system?
PRACTICE EXAMPLE B: If the internal energy of a
system decreases by 125 J at the same time that
the system absorbs 54 J of heat, does the system
do work or have work done on it? How much?
7-6 CONCEPT ASSESSMENT
When water is injected into a balloon filled with ammonia
gas, the balloon shrinks and feels warm.
What are the sources of heat and work, and what are
the signs of q and w in this process?
Functions of State
Any property that has a unique value for a specified state of a
system is said to be a
function of state or a state function.
Water at 293.15 K and 100 kPa is in a specified state.
d = 0.99820 g/mL
This density is a unique function of the state.

It does not matter how the state was established.

U is a function of state.
Not easily measured.
∆U has a unique value between

two states.
Is easily measured.

Path Dependent Functions
Changes in heat and work are not functions of state.
Consider process in Example 7.5 and Figure 7-8

w = −1.24 x 102 J in a one step expansion of gas:
let us consider a two step process from

2.40 atm to 1.80 atm, and finally to 1.20 atm.

Path Dependent Functions
w = – (1.80 atm)(1.3590-1.0188)L –
(1.20 atm)(2.0377-1.3590)L
= – 0.61236 L atm – 0.81444 L atm
= – 1.4268 L atm x 101.32 J / L atm

= – 1.45 x 102 J
Compared – 1.24  102 J

for the one stage process
FIGURE 7-11
A two-step expansion for the gas shown in Figure 7-8

Reversible process
infinitesimal changes
in a system variable
Irreversible process
stepwise processes are
irreversible
FIGURE 7-12
A different method of achieving the expansion of a gas

FIGURE 7-13
Three different paths leading to the same internal energy change in a system

7-6 Application of the First Law to
Chemical and Physical Changes
Reactants → Products
Ui Uf
∆U = Uf −Ui
∆U = qrxn + w
In a system at constant volume (bomb calorimeter):

∆U = qrxn + 0 = qrxn = qv
But we live in a constant pressure world!

How does qp relate to qv?

qV = qP + w
We know that w = –P∆V and ∆U = qv, therefore:
∆U = qP – Pext∆V
Uf–Ui = qP – PextVf+PextVi
(Uf + PextVf)–(Ui+PextVi)= qP
H = U + PV
∆H = Hf – Hi = qP
qP = ∆U + P∆V ∆U = ∆H– P∆V

qV = ∆U
= –563.5 kJ/mol
w = –P∆V = –P(Vf – Vi)

= –RT(nf – ni)
= – (– 2.5 kJ)
qP = ∆H = ∆U + P∆V
= –566 kJ/mol
∆H = ∆U + ∆ngasRT
FIGURE 7-14 q = q + ∆n RT
P V gas
Comparing heats of reaction at constant volume and constant pressure for
the reaction 2 CO(g) + 2 O2(g) 2 CO2(g)
Enthalpy of Reaction: r
2 CO (g) + O2 (g) 2 CO2 (g) ΔH = –566 kJ
per mole of reaction
one mole of reaction refers to the situation in

which the extent of reaction is equal to 1 mol
H = – 283 kJ/molCO
C12H22O11 (g) + 12 O2 (g) 12 CO2 (g) + 11 H2O (g)
ΔH = –5.65✕103 kJ

Physical Significance of Enthalpy Change
 represents the heat transferred
under constant-pressure conditions.
No simple physical or molecular interpretation.
r = qp

Enthalpy Change Accompanying
a Change in State of Matter
Molar enthalpy of vaporization:
H2O (l) → H2O(g) ∆H = 44.0 kJ at 298.15 K
Molar enthalpy of fusion:

H2O (s) → H2O(l) ∆H = 6.01 kJ at 273.15 K

Calculate the energy that is required to heat 1.00 kg of ice from -18.0 ºC to steam at
Exercise
120.0 ºC.
q = qice + qfus + qwater + qvap + qsteam
cp ice = 2.11 J/g K, cp water = 4.18 J/g K, cp steam = 2.08 J/g K, Hfus = 6.02 kJ/mol, Hvap = 40.65 kJ/mol
qice = cp m T = 2.11 J/g K x 1000 g x 18.0 ºC = 37980 J =37.980 kJ
qfus = n Hfus = 1000 g / 18.015 g mol-1 x 6.02 kJ/mol = 55.508 mol x 6.02 kJ/mol =
334.15 kJ
qwater = 4.18 J/g K x 1000 g x 100 K =418.00 kJ
qvap = n Hvap = 55.508 mol x 40.65 kJ/mol = 2256.4 kJ
qsteam = 2.08 J/g K x 1000 g x 20 K =41.6 kJ
3090 kJ
q = 37.980 kJ + 334.15 kJ + 418.00 kJ + 2256.4 kJ + 41.6 kJ = 3274.03 kJ
Standard States and Standard
Enthalpy Changes
Define a particular state as a standard state.
Standard enthalpy of reaction, ∆Hº

The enthalpy change of a reaction in which all reactants and products are
in their standard states.
Standard State
The pure element or compound at a pressure of 1 bar and at the
temperature of interest.

Enthalpy Diagrams
FIGURE 7-15
Enthalpy Diagrams

7-7 Indirect Determination of ∆H:
Hess’s Law
• ∆H is an extensive property.
Enthalpy change is directly proportional to the amount of
substance in a system.
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g) ∆H° = +180.50 kJ mol–1
½N2(g) + ½O2(g) → NO(g) ∆H° = +90.25 kJ mol–1
• ∆H changes sign when a process is reversed
NO(g) → ½N2(g) + ½O2(g) ∆H° = −90.25 kJ mol–1

FIGURE 7-17
An Enthalpy diagram illustrating Hess’s Law

• Hess’s law of constant heat summation
½N2(g) + O2(g) → NO(g) + ½ O2 (g) ∆Hº = +90.25 kJ mol–1

NO(g) + ½O2(g) → NO2(g) ∆Hº = –57.07 kJ mol–1
½N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) ∆Hº = +33.18 kJ mol–1
If a process occurs in stages or steps (even hypothetically), the enthalpy change

for the overall process is the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps

7-8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation
∆Hfº
The enthalpy change that occurs in the formation of one mole
of a substance in the standard state from the reference forms
of the elements in their standard states.
The standard enthalpy of formation is 0 for a pure element in its reference form.

PRACTICE EXAMPLE A: The standard heat of
combustion of propene, is -2058 kJ>mol
Use this value and other data from this
example to determine for the hydrogenation of
propene to propane.
C (graphite) C (diamond) ΔH = 1.9 kJ mol–1
Diamond and graphite

Br2(l) Br2(g)
Hfº = 30.91 kJ
Liquid bromine vaporizing

FIGURE 7-18
Some standard enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K

FIGURE 7-19
Standard enthalpy of formation of formaldehyde, HCHO(g)

Standard Enthalpies of Reaction
∆Hoverall = –2∆HfºNaHCO3+
∆HfºNa2CO3+
∆HfºCO2 +
∆HfºH2O
FIGURE 7-20
Computing heats of reaction from standard enthalpies of formation

∆Hº = ∑p∆Hfº (products) −∑r∆Hfº (reactants) (7.22)
FIGURE 7-21
Diagramatic representation of equation (7.21)

Calculating an Enthalpy of Reaction from Bond Energies.
ΔHrxn =  ΔH(bond breakage) + ΔH(bond formation)
≈  BE(reactants) -  BE(products)

Exercise
C2H2(g) + 2 H2(g) C2H6(g)

number of carbons
FIGURE 7-18
Some standard enthalpies of formation at 298.15 K

Exercise
C2H2(g) + 2 H2(g) C2H6(g)
ΔHrxn = ∆Hf°(C2H6) - ∆Hf°(C2H2) - ∆Hf°(H2) =

Exercise
C2H2(g) + 2 H2(g) C2H6(g)
ΔHrxn = ∆Hf°(C2H6) - ∆Hf°(C2H2) =
= -84.68 kJ/mol – 226.7 kJ/mol = -311.4 kJ/mol
ΔHrxn ≈  BE(reactants) -  BE(products)
= BEC≡C + 2 BEC-H + 2 BEH-H – BEC-C – 6 BEC-H =

4

Exercise
C2H2(g) + 2 H2(g) C2H6(g)
ΔHrxn = ∆Hf°(C2H6) - ∆Hf°(C2H2) =
= -84.68 kJ/mol – 226.7 kJ/mol = -311.4 kJ/mol
ΔHrxn ≈  BE(reactants) -  BE(products)
= BEC≡C + 2 BEH-H – BEC-C – 4 BEC-H =
(837+ 2 x 436 – 347 – 4 x 414) kJ/mol = -294 kJ/mol

Ionic Reactions in Solutions

Exercise
A 50.0 mL sample of 0.250 M HCl at 19.50 °C is added to 50.0 mL NaOH
also at 19.50 °C, in a styrofoam cup calorimeter. After mixing, the
temperature rises to 21.21 °C. Calculate the heat of this reaction in kJ/mol.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O (l) H = ?
Assumptions:
•The volumes are additive. Vtot = 100.0 mL
•NaCl(aq) is dilute, d and s of water can be used.
•The system is completely isolated, no heat is lost.
•The heat absorbed by the calorimeter is negligible.

Solution
qcalorim = m x s T = 100.0 g x 4.18 J/g°C x (21.21 – 19.50) °C = 715 J
qcalorim = -qrxn = -715 J
nHCl = 0.0500 L x 0.250 mol/L = 0.0125 mol
nNaOH = nHCl = nH2O = 0.0125 mol
H = -715 J was achieved with 0.0125 mol
H = -715 J / 0.0125 mol = -5.72 x 104 J/mol = -57.2 kJ/mol
The heat of neutralization of hydrochloride acid with sodium hydroxide is -

57.2 kJ/mol.

H2(g) + ½ O2(g) H2O(l) Hf°H2O = -285.8 kJ/mol

Exercise
The enthalpy change for the precipitation of Ag2CO3(s) is –39.9 kJ/mol.
What is Hf°Ag2CO3(s)?
2 Ag+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Ag2CO3(s)
Hf°rxn = Hf°Ag2CO3(s) – 2 Hf°Ag+(aq) - Hf°CO32-(aq)
Hf°Ag2CO3(s)= Hf°rxn + 2 Hf°Ag+(aq) + Hf°CO32-(aq) =
–39.9 kJ/mol +
Exercise
The enthalpy change for the precipitation of Ag2CO3(s) is –39.9 kJ/mol.
What is Hf°Ag2CO3(s)?
2 Ag+(aq) + CO32-(aq) Ag2CO3(s)
H °rxn = Hf°Ag2CO3(s) – 2 Hf°Ag+(aq) - Hf°CO32-(aq)
Hf°Ag2CO3(s)= H °rxn + 2 Hf°Ag+(aq) + Hf°CO32-(aq) =
–39.9 kJ/mol + 2 x 105.6 kJ/mol – 677.1 kJ/mol =
=  505.8 kJ/mol
7-10 Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous
Processes: An Introduction
spontaneous process
occurs in a system left to itself; once started, no external action is
necessary to make the process continue.
nonspontaneous process
will not occur unless some external action is continuously applied.
If a process is spontaneous, the reverse process is nonspontaneous
Both spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes are possible, but

only spontaneous processes will occur without intervention.
Some spontaneous processes occur very slowly, and others

occur rather rapidly.
Some spontaneous processes are exothermic, and others are

endothermic.
spontaneous processes
may be endothermic or exothermic
Forming Fossil Fuels
• Plants contain complex carbohydrates like cellulose
• When plants die and decay in the presence of bacteria and in the absence
of air hydrogen and oxygen are removed. The end product is coal.
• Plants and animals that lived in ancient seas fell to the ocean floor and
were covered by mud and sand. Under the pressure of the forming
sandstone they decomposed into gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons, gas
and crude oil.
• These processes took 200-500 million years
7-9 Fuels as Sources of Energy
Fossil fuels.
Combustion is exothermic.
CxHy + x+y/2 O2  x CO2 + y/2 H2O
Non-renewable resource.
Environmental impact.
Energy Consumption
World wide in 2007:

458 x 1018 J/year = 14.5 x 1012 J/s = 14.5 TW
30% industry and domestic, 70% liquid fuels
The energy consumption is expected to double by 2050 because:

• the population will increase about 50%
• 50% of the current population will increase their standard of
living
About 30 TW will be needed by 2050

Cook et al., Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 6475
ole um
pe t r
l
coa
l gas
na tura
wa ble
e
ren
r
nuclea
FIGURE 7-22
World primary energy consumption by energy source
FIGURE 7-24
Increasing carbon dioxide concentration of the atmosphere
CO2
FIGURE 7-23
The “greenhouse” effect
http://org.ntnu.no/solarcells/pages/Chap.2.php?part=1
AM0 irradiation outside of the atmosphere, AM1.5 irradiation at sea level

Coal and Other Energy Sources
Gasification of Coal Ethanol
steam and heated coal mostly from ethylene but also by
Liquifaction of Coal fermentation
convert coal gas to long chain Biofuels
hydrocarbons using catalysis biodiesel is composed of methyl
esters of fatty acids
Methanol Hydrogen
prepared from coal or thermal excellent fuel but requires a good
decomposition of various organic production method
materials
End of Chapter

02 Chapter 7 Thermochem

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02 Chapter 7 Thermochem

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY

PRINCIPLES AND MODERN APPLICATIONS

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Slide 7 - 1 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 2 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 3 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 4 of 57 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Energy can change from potential to kinetic.

Slide 6 of 57 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 7 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 8 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Heat and Work

Slide 7 - 9 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Technically speaking, heat

Heat “flows” from hotter to colder.

Slide 7 - 11 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 12 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 13 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Specific heat capacity, cp.

Slide 7 - 14 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

In interactions between a system and its

Slide 7 - 25 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 26 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 30 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 31 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 32 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 33 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

qcal = q bomb + q water + q wires +…

Define the heat capacity of the

Slide 7 - 34 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 37 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

•The volumes are additive. Vtot = 100.0 mL

•NaCl(aq) is dilute, d and s of water can be used.

•The system is completely isolated, no heat is lost.

•The heat absorbed by the calorimeter is negligible.

Slide 38 of 57 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 05/07/23Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

qcalorim = -qrxn = -715 J

nHCl = 0.0500 L x 0.250 mol/L = 0.0125 mol

nNaOH = nHCl = nH2O = 0.0125 mol

H = -715 J was achieved with 0.0125 mol

H = -715 J / 0.0125 mol = -5.72 x 104 J/mol = -57.2 kJ/mol

The heat of neutralization of hydrochloride acid with sodium hydroxide is -

Slide 39 of 57 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 05/07/23Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Gas formed pushes against the

Slide 7 - 41 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

0.100 mol of helium at 298 K is confined under the pressure of two

Pinitial = 2.40 atm, Pfinal = 1.20 atm

0.100 mol x 0.082058 L atm/K mol x 298 K / 2.40 atm = 1.0188 L

Slide 42 of 57 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 05/07/23Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

0.100 mol x 0.082058 L atm/K mol x 298 K / 1.20 atm = 2.0377 L

w = – 1.20 atm x (2.0377 L – 1.0188 L) = – 1.2225 L atm

J = Pa x m3 = N/m2 x m3 = N m = kg x m/s2 / m2 x m3 = kg m2/s2

– 1.2225 L atm x 101.325 J/ atm L = – 1.24 102 J

A gas in a 1.0 L closed cylinder has an initial pressure of

What form of energy was transferred across the boundary

In which direction did the energy flow?

• Translational kinetic energy.

Slide 7 - 46 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

A system contains only internal energy.

Slide 7 - 47 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

The energy of an isolated system is constant

Slide 7 - 48 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 7 - 49 General Chemistry: Chapter 7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Water at 293.15 K and 100 kPa is in a specified state.