04 Chapter 12 Forces

GENERAL
P R I N C I P L E SCHEMISTRY
AND MODERN
A P P L I C AT I O N S
ELEVENTH EDITION
PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE
Intermolecular Forces:
Liquids and Solids 12
PHILIP DUTTON
UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Slide 12 - 1 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Intermolecular Forces: CONTENTS
Liquids and Solids 12-1 Intermolecular Forces
12-2 Some Properties of Liquids
12-3 Some Properties of Solids
12-4 Phase Diagrams
Network Covalent Solids and Ionic

12-5
Solids
12-6 Crystal Structures
Energy Changes in the Formation

12-7
of Ionic Crystals

12-1 Intermolecular Forces
Van der Waals Forces
A collection of weak attractive forces between groups of atoms or
molecules.
Instantaneous and Induced Dipoles
Displacement of electrons cause polarization giving rise to an
instantaneous dipole. This dipole can affect neighbouring molecules
causing induced dipoles.
Dipole Moment and Polarizability
μ can be estimated by summing the bond dipoles, taking into account
both direction and magnitude (vector addition).
α provides a measure of the extent to which an electron cloud can be
distorted by the application of an electric field or the approach of
another molecule.

Dispersion Forces
FIGURE 12-3
Instantaneous and induced dipoles

Molecular shape and polarizability
FIGURE 12-3
Slide 6 of 61 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Dipole-Dipole Interactions
FIGURE 12-1
Dipole-Dipole Interactions

bp = -127.8 ºC bp = -82.7 ºC
FIGURE 12-2
Electrostatic potential maps and properties of CF 4 and CHF3

Summary of van der Waals Forces
Dispersion (London) forces exist between all molecules. These
forces increase with molecular size and depend on molecular
shapes
Forces associated with permanent dipoles involve
displacements of electron pairs in bonds, rather than molecules
as a whole.
When comparing substances of:
comparable molecular sizes,
dipole forces can produce significant differences.
widely different molecular sizes,
dispersion forces are usually more significant than dipole
forces.
12-6 Hydrogen Bonding
FIGURE 12-4
Comparison of boiling points of some hydrides of the elements of groups 14, 15, 16, and 17

Electrostatic potential map of HF
FIGURE 12-5
Hydrogen bonding in gaseous hydrogen fluoride

FIGURE 12-6
The hydrogen bond illustrated

Hydrogen Bonding in Water
FIGURE 12-7
Hydrogen bonding in water

Hydrogen Bonding in Ice
Hydrogen bonding arranges “Hexagonal” is reflected in the

the water molecules into an crystal structure. “Open”
open hexagonal pattern. means reduced density of the
solid (vs. liquid).
FIGURE 12-8
Solid and liquid densities compared

Other Properties Affected
by Hydrogen Bonding
FIGURE 12-9
An acetic acid dimer

Intermolecular and Intramolecular
Hydrogen Bonding
Electrostatic potential There is no intramolecular

map of salicylic acid hydrogen bonding in
showing intramolecular para-hydroxybenzoic acid
hydrogen bonding.
Hydrogen Bonding in Living Matter
Hydrogen bonding between

guanine (left) and cytosine (right)
in DNA
Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonds
Intermolecular hydrogen bonds give

proteins their secondary shape, forcing
the protein molecules into particular
orientations, like a folded sheet …
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds
… while
intramolecular
hydrogen bonds can
cause proteins to
take a helical shape.
Identify the more polarizable species in each pair:
I) Br- and Br II) propane, CH3CH2CH3, and
propene, CH2CHCH3
III) F and Cl IV) n-pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 and

2-methylbutane, (CH3)2CHCH2CH3
1. Br-, propane, F, n-pentane
2. Br, propene, Cl, 2-methyl butane
3. Br, Cl, propane, n-pentane
4. Br-, propene, Cl, n-pentane
5. Br, propane, F, 2-methylbutane
Slide 25 of 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Identify the more polarizable species in each pair:
I) Br- and Br II) propane, CH3CH2CH3, and
propene, CH2CHCH3
III) F and Cl IV) n-pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 and

2-methylbutane, (CH3)2CHCH2CH3
1. Br-, propane, F, n-pentane
2. Br, propene, Cl, 2-methyl butane
3. Br, Cl, propane, n-pentane
4. Br-, propene, Cl, n-pentane
5. Br, propane, F, 2-methylbutane

Which row do you think has the correct heats of vaporization associated
with the compound (in its liquid form)?
1. 0.5 10.4 2.8 3.4
2. 10.4 0.5 3.4 2.8
3. 2.8 3.4 0.5 10.4
All values are in kJ mol-1.

Which row do you think has the correct heats of vaporization associated
with the compound (in its liquid form)?
1. 0.5 10.4 2.8 3.4
2. 10.4 0.5 3.4 2.8
3. 2.8 3.4 0.5 10.4
All values are in kJ mol-1.

Properties of Selected Substances
Dipole Molecular Hvap Boiling
Moment, Mass, u kJ mol-1 Point K
D
HI has a higher
boiling point than F2 0 38 6.86 85.01
either HBr or HCl HCl 1.08 36.5 16.15 188.11
because
HBr 0.82 80.9 17.61 206.43
HI 0.44 127.9 19.77 237.90
1. It is heavier than either of HCl or HBr
2. It is a polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between H and I

and the result is very strong dipole-dipole intermolecular forces
3. HI is the most polarizable of the four molecules and therefore has the strongest
dispersion forces
4. HI has the most protons

Properties of Selected Substances
Dipole Molecular Hvap Boiling
Moment, Mass, u kJ mol-1 Point K
D
HI has a higher
boiling point than F2 0 38 6.86 85.01
either HBr or HCl HCl 1.08 36.5 16.15 188.11
because
HBr 0.82 80.9 17.61 206.43
HI 0.44 127.9 19.77 237.90
1. It is heavier than either of HCl or HBr
2. It is a polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between H and I

and the result is very strong dipole-dipole intermolecular forces
3. HI is the most polarizable of the four molecules and therefore has the strongest
dispersion forces
4. HI has the most protons

12-2 Some Properties of Liquids
Cohesive Forces
Intermolecular forces between like
molecules.
Adhesive Forces
Intermolecular forces between unlike
molecules.
Surface Tension
Energy or work required to increase the
surface area of a liquid.
Viscosity FIGURE 12-10
A liquids resistance to flow. An effect of surface tension illustrated

Surface Tension
FIGURE 12-11
Intermolecular forces in a liquid Water to stick or not to stick
Lotus effect
Figure 12-12
Wetting of a surface
Figure 12-14
FIGURE 12-13 Capillary Action
Meniscus formation
Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic
Preventing Fogging
antifogging
Measuring viscosity
A liquid’s resistance to flow.
The stronger the intermolecular
forces of attraction, the greater the
viscosity.
When a liquid flows, one portion of
the liquid moves with respect to
neighboring portions.
Cohesive forces within the liquid
create an internal friction, which
reduces the rate of flow.
FIGURE 12-15
Viscosity

Comparing Viscosity
Which oil flows more readily?
Which oil has stronger

intermolecular forces between its
molecules?
Oil is mostly hydrocarbons; what

kind of forces are these?
Viscosity h = Pa s = N s / m2 = kg / (m s)
10 Poise = 10 P = 1 Pa s
Ethyl alcohol Ehylene glycol Glycerol

(ethanol)| (1,2-ethanediol)| (1,2,3-propanetriol)|
at 20°C: η = 1.20 cP at 20°C: η = 19.9 cP at 20°C: η = 1490 cP

Enthalpy of Vaporization

Enthalpy of Vaporization
Vaporization is faster with
• increased temperature—more molecules have sufficient
kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces of
attraction in the liquid.
• increased surface area of the liquid—a greater proportion
of the liquid molecules are at the surface.
• decreased strength of intermolecular forces—the kinetic
energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces of
attraction is less, and more molecules have enough energy
to escape.
ΔHvap = Hvapor – Hliquid = – ΔHcondensation

Vapor Pressure
vaporization
liquid condensation
vapor
FIGURE 12-16
Establishing liquid-vapor equilibrium

Measuring Vapor Pressure
FIGURE 12-17
Vapor pressure illustrated

Et2O C6 H 6 H2O C6H5CH3
C6H5NH3
FIGURE 12-18
Vapor pressure curves of several liquids

H2O(l) → H2O(g) DHvap = 44.0 kJ/mol, T= const.
Sweating cools the body by taking part of the heat from the skin.
Refrigerators use evaporization and condensation cycles of a coolant

achieved through pressure changes.
A coolant which is liquid under pressure at room temperature but a gas at 1

atm is pumped into the fridge and allowed to evaporate by lowering the
pressure. The temperature falls because DHvap is > 0.
The cold gas is pumped out of the fridge and compressed. It condenses and
the heat of condensation is released through the cooling grid at the back of
the fridge.
The room temperature liquid is again pumped into the fridge and evaporated.

Et2O C6 H 6 H2O C6H5CH3
Vapor pressures increase

exponentially with T
C6H5NH3
FIGURE 12-18
Vapor pressure curves of several liquids

∆ 𝐻
− +𝐵
𝑅𝑇
𝑃 =𝑒
A plot of vapor pressure vs. 1/T is a straight line with slope and intercept B
B can be eliminated substracting the equations for two different vapor pressures
which gives the Clausius-Clapeyron equation:
P2 ΔHvap 1
ln = – ( – 1 )
P1 R T2 T1

An Equation for Expressing Vapor Pressure Data
1 ΔHvap
ln P = –A ( )+B A =
T R
FIGURE 12-20
Vapor pressure data plotted as lnP versus 1/T

Boiling and Boiling Point
FIGURE 12-21
Boiling water in a paper cup

A more extreme case is that
on the summit of Mr. Everest,
where a climber would barely
be able to heat a cup of tea to
70ºC.
A liquid boils at low pressure

Effect of Pressure on Boiling Point
At the boiling point Pvap = Pext
Pressure cooker: P = 2.0 atm, Tb of water = ?
0.6931 = 14.18 – 5292 K / T2
-13.48 = -5292 K / T2
T2 = 5292 K / 13.48
= 392.3 K = 120 ͦ C
The reaction rate increases roughly by 4 and the cooking time is ¼.

The Critical Point
FIGURE 12-22
Attainment of the critical point for benzene

The Critical Point
At Tc, the densities
At room temperature there At higher temperature,
is relatively little vapor, and there is more vapor, and its of liquid and vapor
its density is low. density increases … are equal; a single
phase.
… while the density of the

liquid decreases; molecular
motion increases.
The lines marked A and B represent the point where each of the molecules for
two different liquids (A and B) have enough kinetic energy to escape into the gas
phase. Which of the following statements is correct?
A B
number of molecules
1. Compound A has a higher vapor
pressure than compound B.
2. More energy is required to vaporize
1 mole of A than one mole of B.
3. On average, at a given temperature, B
kinetic energy
has more kinetic energy than A.
4. On average, at a given temperature, A has more kinetic energy than B.
5. The intermolecular forces between molecules of A are stronger than those
between molecules of B.

The lines marked A and B represent the point where each of the molecules for
two different liquids (A and B) have enough kinetic energy to escape into the gas
phase. Which of the following statements is correct?
A B
number of molecules
1. Compound A has a higher vapor
pressure than compound B.
2. More energy is required to vaporize
1 mole of A than one mole of B.
3. On average, at a given temperature, B
kinetic energy
has more kinetic energy than A.
4. On average, at a given temperature, A has more kinetic energy than B.
5. The intermolecular forces between molecules of A are stronger than those
between molecules of B.

The lines marked A and B represent the A B
number of molecules
point where each of the molecules for
two different liquids (A and B) have
enough kinetic energy to escape into the
gas phase.
Choose the incorrect statement, kinetic energy
1. There would be more A than B molecules in the gas phase.
2. There are stronger intermolecular forces between molecules of A than

molecules of B.
3. Increasing the temperature would result in more molecules of both A and B

in the gas phase.

The lines marked A and B represent the A B
number of molecules
point where each of the molecules for
two different liquids (A and B) have
enough kinetic energy to escape into the
gas phase.
Choose the incorrect statement, kinetic energy
1. There would be more A than B molecules in the gas phase.
2. There are stronger intermolecular forces between molecules of A than

molecules of B.
3. Increasing the temperature would result in more molecules of both A and B

in the gas phase.

Butane has a much higher boiling point than ethane
because (choose the best answer)
1. butane is heavier than ethane.

ethane
2. butane has more electrons and is therefore Tboil = 185 K
more polarizable than ethane.
3. butane has more hydrogens and therefore can
make more hydrogen bonds than ethane.
4. butane is more polar than ethane and therefore
has stronger dipole-dipole interactions. butane
5. butane has more protons than ethane. Tboil = 273 K

Butane has a much higher boiling point than ethane
because (choose the best answer)
1. butane is heavier than ethane.

ethane
2. butane has more electrons and is therefore Tboil = 185 K
more polarizable than ethane.
3. butane has more hydrogens and therefore can
make more hydrogen bonds than ethane.
4. butane is more polar than ethane and therefore
has stronger dipole-dipole interactions. butane
5. butane has more protons than ethane. Tboil = 273 K

The boiling points of some noble gases are provided Tboil = -269 oC
to the right. This trend in boiling points is best
explained with reference to
Tboil = -246 oC
1. the masses of the atoms.
2. the polarizabilities of the atoms. Tboil = -186 oC
3. the dipole moment of the atoms.

4. the number of neutrons in the nuclei of the atoms. Tboil = -153 oC
5. the trend in melting points of the solid rare gases.

The boiling points of some noble gases are provided Tboil = -269 oC
to the right. This trend in boiling points is best
explained with reference to
Tboil = -246 oC
1. the masses of the atoms.
2. the polarizabilities of the atoms. Tboil = -186 oC
3. the dipole moment of the atoms.

4. the number of neutrons in the nuclei of the atoms. Tboil = -153 oC
5. the trend in melting points of the solid rare gases.

Two C3H6O isomers, acetone and methoxy ethene are
shown below. Being isomers, the molar masses and
the number of electrons are equal. Their boiling points,
however, are quite different. The best reason for the
difference in boiling points is?
acetone
1. Methoxy ethane is much more polarizable. Tboil = 330 K
2. Acetone molecules can participate in hydrogen

bonding with one another.
3. Methoxy ethane molecules can participate in

hydrogen bonding with one another.
4. Acetone has a higher dipole moment. methoxy ethene
Tboil = 279 K
5. Methoxy methane has a higher dipole moment.

Two C3H6O isomers, acetone and methoxy ethene are
shown below. Being isomers, the molar masses and
the number of electrons are equal. Their boiling points,
however, are quite different. The best reason for the
difference in boiling points is?
acetone
1. Methoxy ethane is much more polarizable. Tboil = 330 K
2. Acetone molecules can participate in hydrogen

bonding with one another.
3. Methoxy ethane molecules can participate in

hydrogen bonding with one another.
4. Acetone has a higher dipole moment. methoxy ethene
Tboil = 279 K
5. Methoxy methane has a higher dipole moment.

Consider the following two processes:
Electrolysis of water Vaporization of water
1. 2.
H2O(l)  H2(g) + ½ O2(g) H2O(l)  H2O(g)
Which process requires more energy?

Consider the following two processes:
Electrolysis of water Vaporization of water
1. 2.
Catch: photo of
electrolysis cell
pg 898
H2O(l)  H2(g) + ½ O2(g) H2O(l)  H2O(g)
Which process requires more energy?

Which process would you expect to require the most energy?
1. The conversion of 1 mole of solid ethanol to 1 mole of

liquid ethanol.
2. The conversion of 1 mole of solid chloroethane to 1
mole of liquid chloroethane.
3. The conversion of 1 mole of solid ethane to 1 mole of
liquid ethane.
4. The conversion of 1 mole of liquid ethanol to 1 mole of
gaseous ethanol.
5. The conversion of 1 mole of liquid chloroethane to 1
mole of gaseous chloroethane.

Which process would you expect to require the most energy?
1. The conversion of 1 mole of solid ethanol to 1 mole of

liquid ethanol.
2. The conversion of 1 mole of solid chloroethane to 1
mole of liquid chloroethane.
3. The conversion of 1 mole of solid ethane to 1 mole of
liquid ethane.
4. The conversion of 1 mole of liquid ethanol to 1 mole of
gaseous ethanol.
5. The conversion of 1 mole of liquid chloroethane to 1
mole of gaseous chloroethane.

True or false. At 370 K the vapor
pressure of benzene is the greatest
of the three substances shown and
Toluene has the lowest, whereas at
313 K benzene still has the higher
vapor pressure but water has the
lowest.
1. True
370 K 313 K
2. False

True or false. At 370 K the vapor
pressure of benzene is the greatest
of the three substances shown and
Toluene has the lowest, whereas at
313 K benzene still has the higher
vapor pressure but water has the
lowest.
1. True
370 K 313 K
2. False

12-3 Some Properties of Solids
Melting, Melting Point, and Heat of Fusion
H2O(s) H2O(l) ΔHfus(H2O) = +6.01 kJ/mol
FIGURE 12-23 Figure 12-24

Cooling curve for water Heating curve for water

Wikipedia
Enthalpies of melting and boiling for pure

elements versus temperatures of transition,
demonstrating Trouton's rule.
Sublimation
ΔHsub = ΔHfus + ΔHvap
= –ΔHdeposition
FIGURE 12-25
Sublimation of iodine

Phase Changes Involving Solids
Melting (fusion): transition of solid  liquid.

Melting point: temperature at which melting occurs.
Same as freezing point!
Enthalpy of fusion, DHfusion, is the quantity of heat required to
melt a set amount (one gram, one mole) of solid.
Sublimation: transition of solid  vapor.
Example: Ice cubes slowly “disappear” in the freezer.
Enthalpy of sublimation, DHsubln, is the sum of the enthalpies
of fusion and vaporization.
Triple point: all three phases—solid, liquid, vapor—are in
equilibrium.
12-4 Phase Diagrams
FIGURE 12-26
Temperature, pressure, and states of matter

Iodine
FIGURE 12-27
Phase diagram for iodine

Carbon Dioxide
FIGURE 12-28
Phase diagram for carbon dioxide

Supercritical Fluids
FIGURE 12-29
Critical point and critical isotherm

Decaffeinated coffee

Water
FIGURE 12-30
Phase diagram for water

Phases and Phase Transitions
melting (s) (l) freezing (l) (s)
vaporization (l) (g) condensation (g) (l)
sublimation (s) (g) deposition (g) (s)
• From lower to higher temperatures along a constant-pressure line (an isobar),

enthalpy increases. (Heat is absorbed.)
• From lower to higher pressures along a constant-temperature line (an
isotherm), volume decreases. (The phase at the higher pressure has the
higher density.)

NaCl(s) Rock Salt Crystals
with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Crystal Growth: Betul Kul, Images By: Emrah Özensoy

NaCl(s) Rock Salt Crystals
with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
Crystal Growth: Betul Kul

Images By: Emrah Özensoy
Atomic Force Microscopy
Diamond tip probe
NaCl
NACl STRUCTURE WITH ATOMIC RESOLUTION
Ultra High Vacuum Atomic Force Microscope
Image of NaCl (100)

Thin Film on Mica
4 x 10-10 m = 4 Å
Picture courtesy of RHK Technology

X-Ray Diffraction
FIGURE 12-43
Diffraction of X-rays by a crystal

nl = 2 sin Q
Q Q
FIGURE 12-44
Determination of crystal structure by X-ray diffraction

12-5 The Nature of Bonding in Solids
Network Covalent Solids
FIGURE 12-32 FIGURE 12-33

The diamond structure The graphite structure

Graphite conducts electricity

Other Allotropes of Carbon
FIGURE 12-34
Fullerenes

FIGURE 12-35
Nanotubes

Ionic Solids
FIGURE 12-36
Interionic forces of attraction
Molecular Solids
An example of a molecular solid
Metallic Solids
• Imagine as a network of positive ions immersed in a
sea of electrons.
• electrons are highly delocalized.
• good conductors of electricity.
• strong bonding forces result in considerably higher
melting
points than molecular solids.
12-8 Crystal Structures Crystal Lattices
FIGURE 12-37
The cubic lattice
Bravais Lattices
FIGURE 12-38
Unit cells in the cubic crystal system
How spheres are shared between or among unit cells
FIGURE 12-42
Apportioning atoms among cubic unit cells

Simple Cubic
Simple Cubic
FIGURE 12-38
Unit cells in the cubic crystal system

Cubic Body Centered
Cubic Body Centered
Cubic Body Centered
Cubic Unit Cells
The unit cell is

a cube in each
case.
Whole atoms
shown for
clarity.
Cubic Face Centered
Closest packed structures
A closest packed pyramid of cannonballs. Oranges at a fruit stand are often packed
in cubic closest packed pyramids so that they will not slip.
FIGURE 12-39
Coordination Number and
Number of Atoms per Unit Cell
Illustrating the coordination number for the hcp and ccp structures
FIGURE 12-40
A face-centered cubic unit cell for the cubic closest packing of spheres
FIGURE 12-41
The hexagonal closest packed (hcp) crystal structure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)
Example
Iron crystallizes in the bcc arrangement. The atomic (metallic)
radius of a Fe atom is 124.1 pm. The density of iron is 7.879
g/cm3. Determine Avogadro’s number.
Cubic Unit Cells
The unit cell is

a cube in each
case.
Whole atoms
shown for
clarity.
Figure 12-49
The cesium chloride unit cell
FIGURE 12-39

FIGURE 12-40
A face-centered cubic unit cell for the cubic closest packing

of spheres
Ionic Crystal Structures
FIGURE 12-46
Holes in face-centered cubic unit cell
FIGURE 12-47
Cross section of an octahedral hole
Figure 12-48
The sodium chloride unit cell
FIGURE 12-46
FIGURE 12-50
Some units of greater complexity

FIGURE 12-46
R
R+r
r
R
Drag picture to placeholder or click icon to add
FIGURE 12-50
Some units of greater complexity
Calcium Fluorite
Sulfur
Bis(benzimidazol-2yl) methane
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10870-011-0043-5#/page-1
Crystal Structure of a Sugar
https://crystallography365.wordpress.com/tag/sugar/
Sugar (sucrose)
12-7 Energy Changes in the Formation of
Ionic Crystals
FIGURE 12-51
Enthalpy diagram for the formation of an ionic crystal
To the left is a cartoon diagram of a particular
unit cell. How many atoms would there be in 1
mole of these unit cells?
1. 6.022 x 1023 atoms.

2. 4 moles of atoms
3. 2 x (6.022 x 1023) atoms.
4. 4 x (6.022 x 1023) atoms.
5. 1.875 moles

To the left is a cartoon diagram of a particular
unit cell. How many atoms would there be in 1
mole of these unit cells?
1. 6.022 x 1023 atoms.

2. 4 moles of atoms
3. 2 x (6.022 x 1023) atoms.
4. 4 x (6.022 x 1023) atoms.
5. 1.875 moles

scc bcc fcc
If Ba were to solidify with
the crystal structures to
the right, the edge
lengths would be as
given below
444 pm 512 pm 627 pm
This means that the bcc and fcc unit cells have volumes which are roughly 1.5
and 3 times as large, respectively, as the scc unit cell. Which of the following
statements is best,
1. The density of the fcc unit cell is larger because the volume is larger.
2. The density of the fcc unit cell is smaller because the volume is larger.
3. The density of the scc unit is larger because the volume is smaller.
4. The density of the fcc unit cell is larger because the mass is larger.
5. The density of the scc unit cell is larger because the mass is larger.

scc bcc fcc
If Ba were to solidify with
the crystal structures to
the right, the edge
lengths would be as
given below
444 pm 512 pm 627 pm
This means that the bcc and fcc unit cells have volumes which are roughly 1.5
and 3 times as large, respectively, as the scc unit cell. Which of the following
statements is best,
1. The density of the fcc unit cell is larger because the volume is larger.
2. The density of the fcc unit cell is smaller because the volume is larger.
3. The density of the scc unit is larger because the volume is smaller.
4. The density of the fcc unit cell is larger because the mass is larger.
5. The density of the scc unit cell is larger because the mass is larger.

If a crystalline solid is hard, has a very high melting point, and is soluble in
water, is it
1. Covalent 2. Ionic
3. Metallic 4. Network Covalent

If a crystalline solid is hard, has a very high melting point, and is soluble in
water, is it

If a crystalline solid is soft, has a moderate melting point, a very high
boiling point, and is insoluble in water (but will react with water), is it

If a crystalline solid is soft, has a moderate melting point, a very high
boiling point, and is insoluble in water (but will react with water), is it

A hard, high melting point crystalline solid is insoluble in water and does
not conduct electricity. It is

A hard, high melting point crystalline solid is insoluble in water and does
not conduct electricity. It is

A crystalline solid melts just above room temperature, it is soluble in polar
solvent, and does not conduct an electrical current as a pure liquid. It
is

A crystalline solid melts just above room temperature, it is soluble in polar
solvent, and does not conduct an electrical current as a pure liquid. It
is

Which of the following would you expect to have the largest lattice energy?
1. MgCl2
2. MgBr2
3. NaBr
4. CaCl2
5. CaBr2
Δ lattice H° α cation charge x anion charge

cation radius + anion radius

Which of the following would you expect to have the largest lattice energy?
1. MgCl2
2. MgBr2
3. NaBr
4. CaCl2
5. CaBr2
Δ lattice H° α cation charge x anion charge

cation radius + anion radius

Which of the following ionic compounds would you expect to require more energy
to decompose to gaseous ions than CaS(s)?
1. NaF(s)
2. SrS(s)
3. AlN(s)
4. MgBr2(s)
5. SrSe(s)

Which of the following ionic compounds would you expect to require more energy
to decompose to gaseous ions than CaS(s)?
1. NaF(s)
2. SrS(s)
3. AlN(s)
4. MgBr2(s)
5. SrSe(s)

Which of the following ionic compounds would you expect to have the lowest
boiling point?
1. KF
2. BeO
3. BN
4. KBr
5. NaCl

Which of the following ionic compounds would you expect to have the lowest
boiling point?
1. KF
2. BeO
3. BN
4. KBr
5. NaCl

End of Chapter

04 Chapter 12 Forces

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04 Chapter 12 Forces

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GENERAL

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Slide 12 - 1 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

12-2 Some Properties of Liquids

12-3 Some Properties of Solids

12-4 Phase Diagrams

Network Covalent Solids and Ionic

12-6 Crystal Structures

Energy Changes in the Formation

Slide 12 - 2 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 3 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 4 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 6 of 61 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 7 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 8 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 11 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 12 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 13 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 14 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Hydrogen bonding arranges “Hexagonal” is reflected in the

Slide 12 - 16 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 17 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Electrostatic potential There is no intramolecular

Hydrogen bonding between

Intermolecular hydrogen bonds give

III) F and Cl IV) n-pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 and

1. Br-, propane, F, n-pentane

2. Br, propene, Cl, 2-methyl butane

3. Br, Cl, propane, n-pentane

4. Br-, propene, Cl, n-pentane

5. Br, propane, F, 2-methylbutane

Slide 25 of 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

III) F and Cl IV) n-pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 and

1. Br-, propane, F, n-pentane

2. Br, propene, Cl, 2-methyl butane

3. Br, Cl, propane, n-pentane

4. Br-, propene, Cl, n-pentane

5. Br, propane, F, 2-methylbutane

Slide 26 of 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

1. 0.5 10.4 2.8 3.4

2. 10.4 0.5 3.4 2.8

3. 2.8 3.4 0.5 10.4

All values are in kJ mol-1.

Slide 27 of 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

1. 0.5 10.4 2.8 3.4

2. 10.4 0.5 3.4 2.8

3. 2.8 3.4 0.5 10.4

All values are in kJ mol-1.

Slide 28 of 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

1. It is heavier than either of HCl or HBr

2. It is a polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between H and I

4. HI has the most protons

Slide 29 of 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

1. It is heavier than either of HCl or HBr

2. It is a polar molecule due to the difference in electronegativity between H and I

4. HI has the most protons

Slide 30 of 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 31 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Slide 12 - 35 General Chemistry: Chapter 12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Which oil flows more readily?

Which oil has stronger

Oil is mostly hydrocarbons; what

Ethyl alcohol Ehylene glycol Glycerol