MR. CHARLIE S.

ARENAS
EARTH AND LIFE
SCIENCE TEACHER
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INTRODUCE YOURSELF
MY NAME IS
_________________________AND I CAN
RELATE MYSELF TO THE CONCEPT OF
__________________BECAUSE_____________
________________________________________
__
UNIVER
SE
EARTH SCIENCE
• ENCOMPASSES FIELDS OF STUDY CONCERNED
WITH UNDERSTANDING THE EARTH
• EXTENDING TO OTHER BODIES IN THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
• INCLUDES ASTRONOMY, METEOROLOGY,
OCEANOGRAPHY, AND GEOLOGY
1. ENCOMPASSES FIELDS
OF STUDY CONCERNED
WITH UNDERSTANDING
THE EARTH
•LEARNING OBJECTIVES
DESCRIBE THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
THEORIES THAT EXPLAIN THE ORIGIN OF THE
UNIVERSE/
• COMPARE THE DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES
EXPLAINING THE ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
• DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH THAT
ARE NECESSARY TO SUPPORT LIFE.
• DESCRIBE THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FEATURES
OF THE EARTH.
• EXPLAIN THAT THE EARTH CONSISTS OF
SUBSYSTEMS, ACROSS WHOSE BOUNDARIES
THEORIES OF THE ORI
GIN OF THE UNIVERSE
NON-SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT

ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

• ANCIENT EGYPTIANS BELIEVED IN
MANY GODS AND MYTHS WHICH
NARRATE THAT THE WORLD AROSE
FROM AN INFINITE SEA AT THE FIRST
RISING OF THE SUN.
• THE KUBA PEOPLE OF CENTRAL AFRICA
TELL THE STORY OF A CREATOR GOD
MBOMBO (OR BUMBA) WHO, ALONE IN A
DARK AND WATER-COVERED EARTH,
FELT AN INTENSE STOMACH PAIN AND
THEN VOMITED THE STARS, SUN, AND
MOON.
• IN INDIA, THERE IS THE NARRATIVE
THAT GODS SACRIFICED PURUSHA, THE
PRIMAL MAN WHOSE HEAD, FEET, EYES,
AND MIND BECAME THE SKY, EARTH,
SUN, AND MOON RESPECTIVELY.
• THE MONOTHEISTIC RELIGIONS OF
JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, AND ISLAM
CLAIM THAT A SUPREME BEING
CREATED THE UNIVERSE, INCLUDING
MAN AND OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS.
BASED FROM THE VIDEO YOU
HAVE WATCHED…

HOW CAN YOU NARRATE

THE BIRTH OF THE
UNIVERSE?
UNIVERSE (COSMOS)
• COMPOSED OF ALL MATTER, ALL LIGHT AND
OTHER FORMS OF RADIATION AND ENERGY.
• COMPOSED OF HUNDREDS OF BILLIONS OF
STARS, GAS AND DUST, AND DARK MATTER
THAT ARE HELD TOGETHER BY GRAVITY.
UNIVERSE: FINITE OR
INFINITE?

•NO ONE KNOWS

GALAXIES…..MILKY
WAY WE ARE
…BUT THERE ARE STILL
BILLIONS OF GALAXIES IN
THE OBSERVABLE UNIVERSE
THE MOST DISTANT
GALAXIES ARE ABOUT 10
BILLION TO 14 BILLION
LIGHT-YEARS FROM THE
EARTH
LIGHT YEARS

• IS THE DISTANCE THAT LIGHT TRAVELS

IN A VACUUM IN A YEAR
• ABOUT 9,500,000,000,000 OR 9.5 X 1012
KILOMETERS
 WHAT’S A SUPERNOVAE?
Incredibly bright
exploding stars
WHAT ARE CLUSTERS IN THE UNIVERSE?

• NUMEROUS GALAXIES
ARE FOUND
CONCENTRATED
TOGETHER
SOME CLUSTERS APPEAR TO BE GROUPED
INTO SUPERCLUSTERS. THE MILKY WAY
GALAXY IS PART OF A CLUSTER KNOWN AS
THE LOCAL GROUP ABOUT 3 MILLION LIGHT-
YEARS IN DIAMETER. ALSO IN THE CLUSTER
ARE TWO GIANT SPIRALS KNOWN AS
ANDROMEDA GALAXY (MESSIER 33 OR M33)
AND ABOUT 30 SMALL GALAXIES, ALSO
KNOWN AS DWARF GALAXIES. THE LOCAL
GROUP IS PART OF THE VIRGO
SUPERCLUSTER WHICH HAS A DIAMETER OF
CHANGING VIEWS OF THE UNIVERSE

•IN ANCIENT TIMES

•NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
CHANGING VIEWS OF THE
UNIVERSE
• TECHNOLOGICA
L
ADVANCEMENT
CHANGING VIEWS OF THE UNIVERSE

REDSHIFT

A REDSHIFT IS A SHIFT IN
THE FREQUENCY OF A
PHOTON TOWARD LOWER
ENERGY, OR LONGER
STEADY STATE UNIVERSE
• WHO: HERMANN BONDI, THOMAS GOLD,
AND SIR FRED HOYLE
• WHEN: 1948
• WHERE: EARTH
• WHAT: PROPOSED THE STEADY STATE
THEORY
• WHY: AN ALTERNATIVE THEORY TO THE BIG
BANG
THE THEORY STATES THAT…

THE UNIVERSE IS ALWAYS THE

SAME, ALL THE TIME, ALWAYS
STATIC, ALWAYS
CONTRACTING OR EXPANDING
BIG BANG
THEORY
• BILLIONS OF YEARS
AGO ALL MATTER AND
ENERGY IN UNIVERSE
WAS COMPRESSED
INTO SMALL VOLUME
• 17 BILLION YEARS
AGO SUDDEN EVENT
SENT ALL MATTER
AND ENERGY
OUTWARD
THE BIG BANG THEORY
T HE UN IVE R SE FORMED.
HOW
COSMOLOGY
The study of the nature and
evolution of the universe.
Not
Notthe
thestudy
studyofofcosmetics and
Bill Cosby
beauty supplies.
 M1M2

ASSUMPTIONS
FG = G 2
d

MADE
Assumption 1 :
The universality of physical laws and
MM
F =G 2
-> The laws of physics are G
d

the same everywhere

1 2
ASSUMPTI
ONS MADE
Assumption 1 :
Homogeneous
The universality of physical laws Universe
Assumption 2 :
The cosmos is homogeneous
-> Matter and radiation are
spread out uniformly w/ no large
gaps or bunches. Non-Homogeneous
Universe
ASSUMPTI
ONS MADE US

Assumption 1 :
Isotropic
The universality of physical laws Universe
Assumption 2 :
US
The cosmos is homogeneous
Assumption 3:
The universe is isotropic
Anisotropic
-> same properties in all Universe
directions
-> no center and no direction
 ASSUMPTIONS MADE
Assumption 1 :
The universality of physical laws
Assumption 2 :
The cosmos is homogeneous
Assumption 3:
The universe is isotropic
 Now
Let’s Create
The Universe !!
Imagine
 Imagine

NOTHING
 Imagine

NOTHING
Nothing to see !
 Imagine

NOTHING
Nothing to see !
Nothing to hear !
 Imagine

NOTHING
Nothing to see !
Nothing to hear !
Nothing to feel !
 Imagine

NOTHING
Nothing to see !
Nothing to hear !
Nothing to feel !
Nothing to think !
No Matter !
No Matter !

No Energy !
No Matter !

No Energy !

No Time !
No Pizza !!!!!!!!!
NOTHING
 Then, about 13.7
billion years ago,
something happened
…..
 An infinitely small point of energy is
formed.
It disrupts the “nothingness” and begins
to expand.
This is where and when the universe
began.
Energy and time are created, but no
matter !!!
 Primeval Fireball
The universe is in an extremely high state of
energy, with temperatures estimated to be
greater than 1032 K.

It is just #$?! hot !!!!

But this ball of energy quickly expands and

cools.
 Heavy Particle Era
The temperature is greater than 1012 K
Less than 0.000001 seconds after the Big Bang

At these temperatures photons collide to produce

massive particles and antiparticles, such as
protons and antiprotons.
 Heavy Particle Era
The temperature is greater than 1012 K
Less than 0.000001 seconds after the Big Bang

These massive particles and antiparticles also

collide and annihilate each other producing more
photons.
 Heavy Particle Era
The temperature is greater than 1012 K
Less than 0.000001 seconds after the Big Bang

At the end of this era, the universe is a thick

soup of heavy particles, antiparticles and energy.
The most important particles present are the
protons.
 Light Particle Era
The temperature is greater than 6x109 K
Less than 6 seconds after the Big Bang

Because of the lower temperatures during this

era, the photons present can’t produce anymore
heavy particles. These photons can collide to
produce light particles and antiparticles, like
electrons and positrons.
 Light Particle Era
The temperature is greater than 6x109 K
Less than 6 seconds after the Big Bang
During this era protons and electrons interact to
form neutrons. Antiprotons and positrons
interact in the same way.

Proton (+)

Neutron
Electron (-)
 Light Particle Era
The temperature is greater than 6x109 K
Less than 6 seconds after the Big Bang
Some of the neutrons decay back into protons
and electrons. The neutrons which survive are
very important for the next era.

Proton (+)

Neutron

Electron (-)
 Light Particle Era
The temperature is greater than 6x109 K
Less than 6 seconds after the Big Bang
At the end of this era the universe consists of
heavy and light particles (protons & electrons).
The universe also has neutrons.
 Light Particle Era
The temperature is greater than 6x109 K
Less than 6 seconds after the Big Bang
At the end of this era the universe consists of
heavy and light particles (protons & electrons).
The universe also has neutrons.
The low temperatures don’t allow any more
matter/antimatter pairs to form from colliding
photons and no more neutrons can be formed.
 Nucleosynthesis Era (Part I)
The temperature is around 109 K
Less than 300 seconds after the Big Bang
The neutrons which remain react with the
protons to form an isotope of Hydrogen called
Deuterium. (1 proton and 1 neutron)
 Nucleosynthesis Era (Part I)
The temperature is around 109 K
Less than 300 seconds after the Big Bang
The neutrons which remain react with the
protons to form an isotope of Hydrogen called
Deuterium. (1 proton and 1 neutron)
All neutrons either become part of the
Deuterium or decay.
 Nucleosynthesis Era (Part I)
The temperature is around 109 K
Less than 300 seconds after the Big Bang
Deuterium fuses to form Helium. At this point
the total mass of the Helium formed is about
25% the total mass of the universe.
 Nucleosynthesis Era (Part I)
The temperature is around 109 K
Less than 300 seconds after the Big Bang
Deuterium fuses to form Helium. At this point
the total mass of the Helium formed is about
25% the total mass of the universe.
Some Tritium (Hydrogen with 2 neutrons),
Lithium and Berylium also form.
 Nucleosynthesis Era (Part I)
The temperature is around 109 K
Less than 300 seconds after the Big Bang
In the first 5 minutes after the Big Bang, heavy
and light particles and antiparticles are formed.
 Nucleosynthesis Era (Part I)
The temperature is around 109 K
Less than 300 seconds after the Big Bang
In the first 5 minutes after the Big Bang, heavy
and light particles and antiparticles are formed.
Neutrons are formed from protons and electrons,
these neutrons combine with the protons to form
the first stable nuclei of atoms. (Note: These
atoms still have not captured the electrons, too
much energy)
 Nucleosynthesis Era
The temperature is around 3000 K
About 1 million years after the Big Bang
At these low temperatures the nuclei which have
formed can now capture electrons and become
neutral.
 Nucleosynthesis Era (Part II)
The temperature is around 3000 K
About 1 million years after the Big Bang
At these low temperatures the nuclei which have
formed can now capture electrons and become
neutral.
This allows light and radiation to pass through
the neutral atoms and expand throughout the
universe cooling to around 2.7 K
 Matter Era
The temperature is less than 3000 K
Over 1 million years after the Big Bang
With the radiation and matter freed from each
other, the pressures which kept the matter from
clumping together is now greatly reduced.
 Matter Era
The temperature is less than 3000 K
Over 1 million years after the Big Bang
With the radiation and matter freed from each
other, the pressures which kept the matter from
clumping together is now greatly reduced.
Matter is able to clump together forming
galaxies, stars, and the Earth.
 Matter Era
The temperature is less than 3000 K
Over 1 million years after the Big Bang
With the radiation and matter freed from each
other, the pressures which kept the matter from
clumping together is now greatly reduced.
Matter is able to clump together forming
galaxies, stars, and the Earth.
We are still in this era.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

No human was present at the beginning

of the universe, so how do we know
this is what happened ?
What evidence is there ?
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

We can’t test our ideas by creating little

universes (although this would be
really cool.)
What evidence is there ?
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

To answer this question we must first

recall how science is done.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

To answer this question we must first

recall how science is done.
Scientists first create a model based on observations.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

To answer this question we must first

recall how science is done.
Scientists first create a model based on observations.
Then scientists make predictions based on these
models.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

To answer this question we must first

recall how science is done.
Scientists first create a model based on observations.
Then scientists make predictions based on these
models.
Scientists then try and verify these predictions
experimentally or observationally.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
The most abundant element in the universe should be
Hydrogen.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
The most abundant element in the universe should be
Hydrogen.
Observation
Although we clearly can’t test the entire universe, all
celestial objects we can see tell us that the most
abundant element in each is hydrogen.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
The concentration of Helium should be greater than
25%.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
The concentration of Helium should be greater than
25%.
Observation
Directly observing evidence of helium is difficult, but
when we can measure its concentration in stars we
find that it ranges from 27 to 30 % Helium.
EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
The universe should be expanding

Edwin Hubble Vesto M. Slipher

 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
The universe should be expanding
Observation
In 1928, Edwin Hubble and Vesto M. Slipher,
confirmed separately that the universe is expanding.
They used the Doppler Red Shift of stars and galaxies
to prove this.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
When the universe began, the four fundamental forces
were actually one force.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
When the universe began, the four fundamental forces
were actually one force.
Observation
This hasn’t been completely proven, but there is an
incredible amount of symmetry between the forces,
look at Coulomb’s Law (Electrical Force) and
Newton’s Law of Gravitation (Gravitational Force).
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
When the universe began, the four fundamental forces
were actually one force.
Observation
In 1983, at Cern Labs, particles were slammed
together in their accelerator at extremely high
temperatures and the Electromagnetic Force and the
Weak Force were shown to be one force called the
Electroweak force.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG
Direct Observation of the Visible Universe

It takes a finite amount of time for light to travel a distance. In

one second light travel about 300,000,000 meters.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG
Direct Observation of the Visible Universe

It takes a finite amount of time for light to travel a distance. In

one second light travel about 300,000,000 meters.
The distance light travels in a year is called a light year (ly).
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG
Direct Observation of the Visible Universe

It takes a finite amount of time for light to travel a distance. In

one second light travel about 300,000,000 meters.
The distance light travels in a year is called a light year (ly).
When we look at objects, like stars and galaxies we are
actually looking into their past.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE

• IT TAKES LIGHT FROM THE

SUN APPROXIMATELY 8.3
MINUTES TO REACH THE
EARTH
• THIS MEANS THAT IF WE
ARE LOOKING AT THE SUN
WE SEE HOW IT WAS 8.3
MINUTES AGO. WE ARE
LOOKING INTO THE PAST.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE

• ALPHA CENTAURI IS 4.3 LY

AWAY.
• THIS MEANS IT TAKES
LIGHT FROM THIS STAR 4.3
YEARS TO REACH US.
• WE ARE LOOKING 4.3
YEARS INTO THE PAST.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE
• THE GALACTIC
CENTER IS 20,000 TO
30,000 LY AWAY.
• THIS MEANS IT TAKES
LIGHT FROM THE
GALACTIC CENTER
20,000 TO 30,000
YEARS TO REACH US.
• WE ARE LOOKING
20,000 TO 30,000
YEARS INTO THE
PAST.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE

• THE ANDROMEDA
GALAXY IS 2 MILLION
LY AWAY.
• THIS MEANS IT TAKES
LIGHT FROM THIS
GALAXY 2 MILLION
YEARS TO REACH US.
• WE ARE LOOKING 2
MILLION YEARS INTO
THE PAST.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE

• THE HYDRA CLUSTER

IS 3.6 BILLION LY
AWAY.
• THIS MEANS IT TAKES
LIGHT FROM THIS
CLUSTER OF
GALAXIES 3.6 BILLION
YEARS TO REACH US.
• WE ARE LOOKING 3.6
BILLION YEARS INTO
THE PAST.
DIRECT OBSERVATION OF THE VISIBLE UNIVERSE

• THIS GALAXY IS 13.2

BILLION LY AWAY.
• THIS MEANS IT TAKES
LIGHT FROM THIS
GALAXY 13.2 BILLION
YEARS TO REACH US.
• WE ARE LOOKING 13.2
BILLION YEARS INTO
THE PAST. NOT REAL
LONG AFTER THE BIG
BANG
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Background Radiation

A crucial moment in the creation of the universe was when the

atoms that were present became neutral and the radiation was
able to flow through it and expand with the universe.
This allowed matter to begin clumping to form the structures
we observe in the universe.
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
The temperature of the background radiation is 2.7 K
Robert
Wilson

Arno
Penzias
 EVIDENCE OF THE BIG BANG

Prediction
The temperature of the background radiation is 2.7 K
Observation
In 1964, Robert Wilson & Arno Penzias, detected this
background radiation and determined its temperature
to be 3.5 K. For this they received the Nobel Prize in
Physics. Further experiments have found that
temperature to be 2.7 K.
MAP OF THE BACKGROUND RADIATION

In 2003 the WMAP This map also gave us

satellite mapped the great detail about the
cosmic background early universe and it
radiation, further allowed us to refine the
confirming its age of the universe to
temperature to be 2.7 K. 13.7 billion years.
MAP OF THE BACKGROUND RADIATION

This picture shows us how the universe

looked 379,000 years after the Big Bang.
 Now
Let’s Destroy
The Universe !!
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

There are three possible futures for our

universe.
Which one will be our fate depends on the
total mass of the universe or more
accurately, its density.
THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

It was Albert Einstein who

calculated a critical density
for the universe.
THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

It was Albert Einstein who

calculated a critical density
for the universe.
This value is about
5 x 10-27 kg/m3 .
THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

It was Albert Einstein who

calculated a critical density
for the universe.
This value is about
5 x 10-27 kg/m3 .
The fate of the universe
depends on whether or not
the density is above or below
this value.
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is less than the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The gravitational pull of the universe will not be
enough to stop the expansion of the universe.
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is less than the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The gravitational pull of the universe will not be
enough to stop the expansion of the universe.
The universe will expand forever.
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is less than the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The gravitational pull of the universe will not be
enough to stop the expansion of the universe.
The universe will expand forever.
The overall temperature of the universe will decrease
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is less than the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The stars will all eventually burn out and no new stars
will form.
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is less than the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The stars will all eventually burn out and no new stars
will form.
Protons will eventually begin to decay. This is when
the matter era will end and the universe will become
just a soup of quarks and other subatomic particles.
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is equal to the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The gravitational pull of the universe will ultimately
stop the expansion of the universe.
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is equal to the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The gravitational pull of the universe will ultimately
stop the expansion of the universe.
An equilibrium will be reached and the universe will
last forever in this state (it may or may not be the
matter era).
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is greater than the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The gravitational pull of the universe will ultimately
stop the expansion and cause the universe to collapse.
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is greater than the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The gravitational pull of the universe will ultimately
stop the expansion and cause the universe to collapse.
The universe will return to one point and time.
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is greater than the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The gravitational pull of the universe will ultimately
stop the expansion and cause the universe to collapse.
The universe will return to one point and time.
Will the universe begin again ????
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

The density of the universe is greater than the

critical value of 5 x 10-27 kg/m3
The gravitational pull of the universe will ultimately
stop the expansion and cause the universe to collapse.
The universe will return to one point and time.
Will the universe begin again ????
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

Currently scientists have determined the density

of the universe to be less than 5 x 10-27 kg/m3.
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

Currently scientists have determined the density

of the universe to be less than 5 x 10-27 kg/m3.
If this is true the universe will expand forever.
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

Currently scientists have determined the density

of the universe to be less than 5 x 10-27 kg/m3.
If this is true the universe will expand forever.
BRRRRRRRRR !!!!!!!!
 THE END OF THE UNIVERSE

Currently scientists have determined the density

of the universe to be less than 5 x 10-27 kg/m3.
If this is true the universe will expand forever.
BRRRRRRRRR !!!!!!!!
However the discovery of dark matter could
change the ultimate fate of the universe.
1. NARRATE THE EVOLUTION OF THE
UNIVERSE ACCORDING TO THE BIG BANG
THEORY.
2. WHAT ARE THE EVIDENCES THAT WOULD
SUPPORT THE BIG BANG THEORY?
3. WHAT IS THE FATE OF THE UNIVERSE IF
THE COMPUTED DENSITY OF THE UNIVERSE
IS LESSER, EQUAL OR HIGHER THAN THE
CRITICAL DENSITY