Z0=K0 x Z1

where Z0 Ωis the zero-sequence impedance of distribution

circuit,
Z1 Ω is the positive-sequence impedance of distribution
circuit, K0 is a constant Table gives various possible values for
the constant K0.
If the earth has a very bad conducting characteristic,
the constant K0 is totally established by the neutral-wire
impedance.
an average value of 4 where exact conditions are not known

Estimated Values of the K0 Constant for Various Conditions

Condition
Perfectly conducting earth (e.g., a system with multiple water-
pipe grounds) K0 = 1.0
Ground wire same size as phase wire K0= 4.0
Ground wire one size smallerK0= 4.6
Ground wire two sizes smaller K0=4.9
Finite earth impedance K0 =3.8−4.2
 Basic Definitions APPLICATION OF CAPACITORS TO DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
a series capacitor produces more net voltage rise
Capacitor element: an indivisible part of a capacitor consisting than a shunt capacitor at lower power factors,
of electrodes separated by a dielectric material which creates more voltage drop.
Capacitor unit: an assembly of one or more capacitor elements a series capacitor betters the system power factor
in a single container with terminals brought out much less than a shunt capacitor and has little
Capacitor segment: a single-phase group of capacitor units with effect on the source current
protection and control system
Capacitor module: a three-phase group of capacitor segments
Capacitor bank: a total assembly of capacitor modules
electrically connected to each other
Effects of Series and Shunt Capacitors
Series Capacitors
Capacitors connected in series with lines, have been used to a very limited extent on distribution
circuits due to being a more specialized type of apparatus with a limited range of application.
As shown in Figure a series capacitor compensates for inductive reactance.
a series capacitor is a negative (capacitive) reactance in series with the circuit’s positive
(inductive) reactance with the effect of compensating for part or all of it.
Therefore, the primary effect of the series capacitor is to minimize, or even suppress, the voltage
drop caused by the inductive reactance in the circuit.
At times, a series capacitor can even be considered as a voltage regulator that provides for a
voltage boost that is proportional to the magnitude and power factor of the through current.
series capacitor provides for a voltage rise that increases automatically and instantaneously as the
load grows. betters the system power factor much less than a shunt capacitor and has little effect
on the source current