Anchors Technology

Anchoring System
Innovatio
n
www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 1

The Hilti Group

Hilti – a worldwide presence
● Founded in 1941 in Schaan,

Principality of Liechtenstein
● One of the global leading
companies in providing products,
systems and services to
construction professionals
● Located in more than 120 countries
on five continents
● More than 21,000 employees
● More than 50 nationalities at Group
Headquarters in Schaan

Agenda

Basic parts of an Anchoring System
Fastened Part
Fastened Element
Base Material
Anchor / Fastener

Agenda

What does an anchor do?
• Anchors transfer the loads into the base material (e.g. columns)
• The loads can be constant (static: e.g. proper weight and dead loads) or
can vary (dynamic: e.g. machines and ventilators) during lifetime
Base
material
V
N G2: weight of part
to be fixed
G1: weight of steel beam
• Anchors are able to transfer high loads in tension N and shear V

Application examples
Column Fastening

Beam/Corbel Fastening

Equipment Fastening

Rebar Fastening

Agenda

Types of Anchor
Cast-In Anchor Post-Installed Anchor

Types of Anchor
Cast-In Anchor
 high loading capabilities

 with design criteria
 layout problems
 not flexible for fastened part adjustments (change
in design)
 tedious installation

Types of Anchor
Post-installed Anchor
 high loading capabilities (can be

designed as if cast-in)
 with design criteria
 flexible for layout adjustments
 very easy installation
 less understood

Agenda

The 3 Working Principles - Definition
Friction Keying Bonding
The anchor expands At a certain point Bonding occurs

into the concrete and the anchor has a with chemical
is kept by friction bigger diameter anchors; a micro
then the borehole keying effect keeps
itself the element in the
borehole

Main working principals
Friction
The tensile load, N, is transferred to

the base material by friction, R
To build up the friction an expansion
force is necessary
Examples:
HST HPS HRD

Keying
R
The tensile load, N, is in
equilibrium with the supporting
N forces, R, acting on the base
material
R
Examples:
HDA HUD-L HIT HY20

Bonding
An adhesive bond is produced

between the anchor rod / rebar
and the mortar and between
mortar and borehole walls
Examples:
HVU +
HVZ HIT RE 500 + Rebar HIT HY + HAS
HAS (& keying effect)

Anchors – Tensile Stress Zones - Examples
Expansion anchor Undercut anchor Screw anchor Chemical anchor

• High expansion • Low strength into • Load introduction • Load introduction
strength into the concrete: over the whole over the whole
concrete • High loads with length length
• Expansion anchors relatively low • faster installation • close edge
like HST or HSL embedment depth speed distance
have the advantage • Less edge and • small anchor
of follow up space distance spacing
expansion
High tensile stress zone

Agenda

Two type of anchors
• Chemical Anchors
• Mechanical Anchors
Chemical anchor mechanical anchor

What is a chemical anchor?
Combination of mortar and element (threaded rod or rebar)
Advantages:
• Big load range and excellent load
performance
• Fixations to a big variety of base material
(injection)
• Possibility for small edge distances and
anchor spacing
• Great flexibility: big variety of elements,
sizes, corrosion protection etc

Two types of chemical anchors
Injection type Foil capsule type
Foil capsule
Glass capsule
Benefits: Benefits:
- Individual adaptation of amount of - Pre-portioned, no remnants
mortar to in-situ reality - Better performance
- Great flexibility - Not so sensitive (foil capsules only)

Different types of mechanical anchors
Undercut Advantages:
• Big load range, excellent load performance

Expansion
• Immediate loading
: Male type
• Small sensitivity to humidity and
Expansion bore hole cleaning
Female
type • No legal restrictions as for chemical anchors
• Unlimited shelf time

Screw type
• Great flexibility of types and corrosion

protection
Plastic

Comparison: chemical vs. mechanical
Chemical Anchor (e.g. HVU) Expansion Anchor (e.g.
HSL)
F=1000kg F=1000kg
FEXP FEXP
 = 1000kg
High loads at small edge distances

Base Materials for anchor fastening
Solid concrete Hollow concrete Solid brick Cavity brick
Gas concrete Dry wall panels

Nature stone
The loads that can be applied are limited more by the base
material than by the anchor

Agenda

Anchor Failures
 If anchors are not well designed, understood or
dealt with, failure could occur and lead to
economic loss, property damage and loss of
lives.
 Engineers & Architects involved in the

planning/design, implementation and
maintenance should have a good
understanding of its working principles and its
qualification.

Failure Modes
Pull - Out

Failure Modes
Concrete Breakage

Failure Modes
Cracking of Base Material

Failure Modes
Steel Breakage

Influencing factors Tension
www.hilti.com
Steel
Steel strength
N
failure:
Concrete strength
bonding of mortar
pull-out resistance
N
Pull-out
from tests
Concrete strength
Concrete failure:
base material
N
Splitting
thickness
c
Concrete strength
s
anchor spacing s
edge distance c
e
Failure modes and influencing factors
load eccentricity e
N
embedment
Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK
Concrete cone failure
depth hef cracks

reinforcement
36
hef
Failure modes and influencing factors
Steel failure: Concrete failure:

Shear
Pure Shear with edge

shear bending
C
V
e
V 
e1
hef
s
c
embedment depth
load eccentricity e
Combined Loads:
Concrete strength
Influencing factors
anchor spacing s
hef load direction

edge distance c
Combinations of tensile
distance e1
Steel strength
Steel strength
reinforcement
and shear loads are
stand-off
cracks designed in a similar way

on the same basis and
failure modes.

Anchor Failures
Anchor sheared-off
after an earthquake.

Anchor Failures
Chemical anchors were completely pulled

out during an earthquake.

Anchor Failures
Mechanical anchors were completely pulled

out as the concrete failed.

Anchor Failures
Base material cracking as a

result of a relatively small edge
distance.

Agenda

Influencing Factors
• Load Direction
• Mode of Load
• Loads on Structures
• Loading of Anchors
• Concrete Strength
• Space & Edge Distance
• Nature of Concrete (Cracked/Uncracked Concrete)
• Special Conditions
• Behaviour in Fire

Load Direction
N = Tensile Load
V = Shear Load N
F
F = Combined Load

Mode of Loading Load
Pulsating Load
Load
Static Load
Load Time
Time
Shock Load
Alternating Load
Time
Load
Load Seismic Load

Time
Time

Concrete Strength
Concrete test samples

fc = Cylinder compressive strength.
Development of concrete
compressive strength fcc = Cube compressive strength.
New designation from Eurocodes :

Class Cylinder/Cube strength e.g. C25/30

Spacing & Edge Distance Effect
c s
hef

Spacing & Edge Distance Effect
cmin smin
hef

Influence of Anchor Spacing

Influence of Edge Distance

Nature of Concrete (Cracked / Uncracked)
A B
<
A B
Cond. 1 Cond. 2 Cond. 3

Special Factors
1.Long Term Effects
A. Fatigue
B. Creep
2. Special Conditions
A. Underwater applications
B. corrosion
C. Fire resistance
www.hilti.com B1, Page 27 Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 52

Special Conditions
Underwater Applications

Special Conditions

Special Conditions

Corrosion
What is corrosion:
• Corrosion is a natural process. It is the tendency of a metal to revert
from its synthetically produced state to its natural state.
• In other words, corrosion means visible and invisible rust
Examples of contact corrosion (different materials) :

Protection against corrosion
• Protecting a component from corrosion is a measure taken to avoid damage
by corrosion with the aim of increasing the component’s service life
expectancy.
• Various solutions/materials are offered to solve the problem: plastics, organic
coatings, corrosion resistance materials like stainless steels and special alloys
etc.
• The solutions that Hilti offers for the anchors to this problems can be
summarized as follows:
Electroplated • Hot dipped galvanised A2 A4 High

Zinc 5-20ym stainless stainless Corrosion
• Sherardised steel steel Resistance
(HCR)
LOW HIGH
Corrosion
Resistance

Fire resistance
Maximum tensile load (kN) for requested fire resistance
class in minutes
Anchor
(e.g. M12) F30 F60 F90 F120 F180
(=830°C) (=940°C) (=1010°C) (=1050°C) (=1110°C)
HDA 10 3.5 1.8 1.2 1.0
HUS 9 3.3 1.8 1.2 N/A
HSA 10 3.5 1.8 1.2 N/A
HKD 8.5 3.5 2 1.2 N/A
HVA 10 3.5 1.8 1 N/A
HIT-HY 150 6 3.5 2 1.2 N/A
HIT-RE 500 5.35 2.91 1.68 1.06 0.82

Agenda

Loads & Safety Factors
Mean ultimate resistance Ru,m Characteristic Load value Rk

F ultimate
95% of all tested values are above
Ru ,m this load value.
n
The ultimate resistance is the value
when the fastener fails (pull out,
concrete or steel).
The average out of all values of all Design Load value Rd

anchors tested. Rk Reliability factor of
n = Amount of tested anchors Rd =  the anchor

R e l. fre q u e n cy
Ru,m
Recommended Load value Lrec

5% Rd 1,4 Load factor (average
Lrec = influence of snow, wind; dead
_ 1,4 loads, life loads, etc.)
F5% F F [kN]
= Rk

Steel as material : Steel quality of zinc-plated &
hot dipped galvanized steel
Steel HAS Nominal tensile Yield strength, Fyk

quality anchor rod strength, Fuk
sizes
5.8 M8 – M24 5x100= 500N/mm2 500N/mm2x 80%=400N/mm2
8.8 M27 – M39 8x100= 800N/mm2 800N/mm2x 80%=640N/mm2
• Important: the nut of the anchor needs to have the same grade
or better grade!

Additional resources
Profis Software FTM Manuals
Complete technical
information per anchor
• Features and benefits

• Setting instructions
• Application examples
• Technical data
• Approvals and reports
• Project references
• Anchors’ selectors

Anchoring System
The End

Anchors Technology

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Anchoring System

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 1

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 2

● Founded in 1941 in Schaan,

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 3

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G1: weight of steel beam

• Anchors are able to transfer high loads in tension N and shear V

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 8

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Cast-In Anchor Post-Installed Anchor

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 13

 high loading capabilities

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 14

 high loading capabilities (can be

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 15

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The anchor expands At a certain point Bonding occurs

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 17

The tensile load, N, is transferred to

HST HPS HRD

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 18

HDA HUD-L HIT HY20

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 19

An adhesive bond is produced

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 20

Expansion anchor Undercut anchor Screw anchor Chemical anchor

High tensile stress zone

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Chemical anchor mechanical anchor

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 23

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 24

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• Big load range, excellent load performance

• Unlimited shelf time

• Great flexibility of types and corrosion

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 27

High loads at small edge distances

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 28

Solid concrete Hollow concrete Solid brick Cavity brick

Gas concrete Dry wall panels

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 29

www.hilti.com Anchors BTS|Mar08|BVK 30

 Engineers & Architects involved in the

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Cracking of Base Material

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depth hef cracks

Steel failure: Concrete failure:

Pure Shear with edge

hef load direction

cracks designed in a similar way

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