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NDT Complete
NDT Complete
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The use of noninvasive
techniques to determine
the integrity of a
material,
component or structure
or
quantitatively measure
some characteristic of
an object.
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• Visual inspection (VT)
• Liquid penetration (PT)
• Magnetic particle testing (MT)
• Eddy current testing (ET)
• Radiography (RT)
• Ultrasonic testing (UT)
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• Flaw Detection and Evaluation
• Leak Detection
•Dimensional Measurements
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There are NDT application at almost any stage
in the production or life cycle of a component.
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• A liquid with high surface wetting characteristics is applied
to the surface of the part and allowed time to seep into
surface breaking defects.
• The excess liquid is removed from the surface of the
part.
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The part is magnetized. Finely milled iron particles coated with
a dye pigment are then applied to the specimen. These
particles are attracted to magnetic flux leakage fields and will
cluster to form an indication directly over the discontinuity.
This indication can be visually detected under proper lighting
conditions.
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Eddy current testing is particularly well suited for detecting surface cracks but
can also be used to make electrical conductivity and coating thickness
measurements. Here a small surface probe is scanned over the part surface
in an attempt to detect a crack.
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FREQUENCY RANGE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
(Hz)
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•Sound frequency above human audible range is called
ultrasonic sound
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•RESOLUTION:-The ability to detect nearby small
defects separately
•SENSITIVITY:-The ability to detect the smallest
defect
•ATTENUATION:-At a grain boundary the wave is
partly absorbed, partly scattered & partly
transmitted, so the sum of absorption & scattering
is the attenuation of the wave
•ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE:-The resistance offered by
the medium to he propagation of sound wave
through it
•HASH:-At times when the material is very coarse
the waves are reflected from the grain boundaries &
we get small echoes which are known as hashes or
noise
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•Sound is produced by a vibrating body
and travels in the form of a wave.
•Ultrasound is sound
with a pitch too high
to be detected by the
human ear.
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•The measurement of sound waves from crest to
crest determines its wavelength (λ).
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LONGITUDINAL WAVE
Direction of oscillation Direction of propagation
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If the particle oscillates in the direction
perpendicular to the propagation of wave then it
is said to be a Transverse or shear wave
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Ultrasound is generated with a transducer
A piezoelectric element
in the transducer
converts electrical
energy into mechanical
vibrations (sound), and
vice versa.
The transducer is
capable of both
transmitting and
receiving sound
energy.
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•Ultrasonic waves are introduced into a material where
they travel in a straight line and at a constant speed until
they encounter a surface
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The reflection takes place at an interface due to
difference in acoustic impedance of the two
mediums
Medium 1 Medium 2
Reflected wave
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Interface
s
Probe
Sound travel path
Flaw
Work piece
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•Not only the back
surface reflect the sound
wave, the same is done
by every change in the
composition of the
material
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•Change in depth of flaw changes the
position of defect echo on screen
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• As the size of flaw increases the amplitude of
the defect echo also increases
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• Ultrasonic testing is a very versatile inspection method,
and inspections can be accomplished in a number of
different ways.
• Ultrasonic inspection techniques are commonly divided
into three primary classifications.
• Pulse-echo and Through Transmission
(Relates to where reflected or transmitted energy is
used)
• Normal Beam and Angle Beam
(Relates to the angle that the sound energy enters the
test article)
• Contact and Immersion
(Relates to the method of coupling the transducer to
the test article)
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Pulse echo
technique
Immersion testing
Through transmission
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• In pulse-echo testing, a transducer sends out a pulse of
energy and the same listens for reflected energy (an
echo).
• Reflections occur due to the presence of discontinuities
and the surfaces of the test article.
• The amount of reflected sound energy is displayed
versus time, which provides the inspector information
about the size and the location of features that reflect the
sound.
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Digital display showing
signal generated from
sound reflecting from
back surface.
Digital display
showing loss of
received signal due
to presence of a
discontinuity in the
sound field.
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• In normal beam testing, the sound beam is
introduced into the test article at 90
degree to the surface.
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• Transducers are manufactured in a variety of forms, shapes
and sizes for varying applications.
• In selecting a transducer
for a given application, it
is important to choose the
desired frequency,
bandwidth, size, and in some cases focusing
which optimizes the inspection capabilities.
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•Probes whose beams
are normal to the
surface are called
straight-beam
probes.
•Normal probes
transmit and receive
the sound waves
normal to the surface of
the test object.
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• Information from ultrasonic testing can be
presented mainly in three formats.
A-scan
B-scan
C-scan
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• B-scan presentations display a
profile view (cross-sectional) of a
test specimen.
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• The C-scan presentation displays a plan type view of the
test specimen and discontinuities.
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• Surface must be accessible to transmit ultrasound.
• Skill and training is more extensive than with some other
methods.
• Normally requires a coupling medium to promote transfer
of sound energy into test specimen.
• Materials that are rough, irregular in shape, very small,
exceptionally thin or not homogeneous are difficult to
inspect.
• Cast iron and other coarse grained materials are difficult
to inspect due to low sound transmission and high signal
noise.
• Linear defects oriented parallel to the sound beam may go
undetected.
• Reference standards are required for both equipment
calibration, and characterization of flaws.
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•A sound beam can be roughly divided into a
convergent (focusing) area, the near-
field, and a divergent (spreading) part, the
far field
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•Calibration is a operation of configuring the
ultrasonic test equipment to known values. This
provides the inspector with a means of comparing
test signals to known measurements.
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• To select the appropriate NDT method we
must consider the following
Thickness of material to be tested
Location of discontinuity
Type of material to be tested
Orientation of discontinuity
Type of defect
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