SAMPLING IN RESEARCH

• DEFINITION
• PURPOSE
• DESIGNS

Reported by: Jhomari M. Diaz

THE PROCESS OF SELECTING A NUMBER OF
INDIVIDUALS FOR A STUDY IN SUCH A WAY THAT
THE INDIVIDUALS REPRESENT THE LARGER GROUP
FROM WHICH THEY WERE SELECTED
 STUDY POPULATION

SAMPLE

TARGET POPULATION

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 A sample is “a smaller (but hopefully
representative) collection of units from a
population used to determine truths about that
population” (Field, 2005)

 The sampling frame

A list of all elements or other units containing the

elements in a population.

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Population…

…the larger group from which

individuals are selected to
participate in a study
 TARGET
POPULATION

A set of elements larger than or

different from the population
sampled and to which the
researcher would like to
generalize study findings.
 TO GATHER DATA ABOUT THE POPULATION IN
ORDER TO MAKE AN INFERENCE THAT CAN BE
GENERALIZED TO THE POPULATION
TERMINOLOGIES IN SAMPLING
Unit
Each component of the population being studied is
known as a unit of the population. Some or many of
these units are chosen as samples for further analysis
and deduction.
STRATA
The section of the population chosen by taking more or less
homogeneous units together is called a stratum and the
plural form of a stratum is called strata. Items are classified
into strata during Stratified Random Sampling.
For Example
•Group of Single Billionaires
•​Group of Models who have married multiple times
SAMPLE FRAME
The collection of the elements from which you will be
drawing samples is known as Sample Frame. Sample
Frame can be the same as Population or a part of the
Population in some cases. Sample Frame must be
significantly larger than the Sample Size to obtain higher
level of accuracy in our results. The Sample Frame must
be representative of the whole population
SAMPLE SIZE
The size of the total samples to be taken constitutes
the sample size. This is the collection of all the
samples taken. Sample size can vary on the
following factors:

•Size of the Population

•Variability on the Population
•Required Level of Accuracy
GENERALIZING
The process of making an opinion or overall view on
specific group by investigating and analyzing some of the
evidences is known as generalizing. Generalizing enables
us to use the results obtained from the study of a
situation into other similar situations.
For Example, if the literacy of Samdrup Jongkha ( A
district of Bhutan) of Bhutan was 53% on 2007. This
means that the literacy rate of the whole nation Bhutan
might be close to that number.
 VALIDITY

Validity means accuracy, truthfulness and authenticity. In

the current context, the validity of an information can be
defined as the sufficiency of the information on the
subject matter with reasonable truthfulness and without
any biasness on the representation of the overall
characteristics of the whole population.
BIAS
Lack of justice to the items due to different reasons which affects the
validity and efficiency of the system is termed as bias. Biases restrict
the conclusion or opinion drawn on on the population to represent the
whole system. Biasness may occur due to different reasons. Some of
the reasons for biasness in the system are:

•Lack of knowledge of the persons carrying out the system on the

subject matter.
•Collusion of interests of the person carrying on the system and that of
the whole system.
•Inherent reasons like laziness, lack of enough resources, monotony
etc.
OVERSAMPLING 

The repetition in taking a sample

multiple times is known as
Oversampling.
DESIGNS IN RESEARCH SAMPLING
QUALITATIVE SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
Qualitative researchers typically make
sampling choices that enable them to deepen
understanding of whatever phenomenon it is
that they are studying. Researchers typically
employ qualitative sampling that are most
likely to use in their work.
PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING
Also known as purposive and selective sampling,
purposeful sampling is a sampling technique that
qualitative researchers use to recruit participants
who can provide in-depth and detailed information
about the phenomenon under investigation. It is
highly subjective and determined by the qualitative
researcher generating the qualifying criteria each
participant must meet to be considered for the
research study. 
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
is a sampling technique that qualitative researchers
use to recruit participants who are easily accessible
and convenient to the researchers. Oftentimes this
may include utilizing geographic location and
resources that make participant recruitment
convenient.  An example of this would be a teacher
who wanted to examine the perceptions of teachers
about a policy change and decided to utilize a
school within the district he or she worked in to
recruit participants. 
QUANTITATIVE SAMPLING
Quantitative researchers are often interested in making
generalizations about groups that are larger than their study
samples, which means that they seek nomothetic causal
explanations. While there are certainly instances when
quantitative researchers rely on nonprobability samples
(e.g., when doing exploratory research), quantitative
researchers tend to rely on probability sampling
techniques.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Unlike nonprobability sampling, probability
sampling refers to sampling techniques for which a
person’s likelihood of being selected from the
sampling frame is known. We care about a potential
participant’s likelihood of being selected for the
sample because in most cases, researchers use
probability sampling techniques to identify a
representative sample from which to collect data.
SIMPLE RANDOM
SAMPLES 
Simple random samples are the most
basic type of probability sample. A simple
random sample requires a real sampling
frame—an actual list of each person in the
sampling frame
Thank you!