State the proper procedure to

remedy troubles if a rotary

pump does not take, or if it
loses, suction?
Rotary pumps are positive displacement pump.
Suction loss is usually due to: too high suction
lift, excessive clearance between impeller and
casing, too high viscosity of liquid being pumped,
too high temperature of liquid being pumped.
 What is Cavitation ? How does the
suction head and suction temperature on
a centrifugal pump after cavitation?
 Cavitation is the formation of vapor pockets
about the impeller inlet when the vapor
pressure of the liquid is reached. This cavities
disturb the flow stream and then collapse as
they are carried into regions of higher pressure,
producing noise, vibration, and rapid erosion of
the surrounding metal surfaces. The lower the
suction head and the higher the suction
temperature, the greater the occurrence of
cavitation.
What is the purpose of “volute” of a
centrifugal pump?

 To convert the velocity energy to static

pressure.
What is the purpose of the wearing
rings of a centrifugal pump?

 To provide a tight seal at the running

joints between the impeller and the
casing.They are usually replaceable so
that expensive repairs are not necessary.
Where are diffusion vanes installed on
centrifugal pumps and what is their
purpose?
 Between the impeller and the casing.
Convert velocity to pressure.
 What is meant by the displacement
of a pump?
 The amount of liquid that it discharges. In
a reciprocating pump this would be the
area of the piston times the length of the
stroke (volume). In a rotary pump, the
manufacturer indicates the g.p.m. on the
name plate.
 What is the difference between
displacement and the actual discharge
of a pump?
 The displacement is figured from actual
dimensions. The actual discharge will be
less, due to losses caused by leakage past
the piston, gland leakage,friction losses,
etc.
 Piping
 The size of pipe should not be smaller
than the pump ports and, for long pipe
runs or when handling viscous liquids
should generally be larger.  For other
than very simple pipe runs, the actual
pipe losses should be calculated using
loss-of-head curves, as they may be a
major part of the total head on the
pump.  Easy bends should be used and
sharp elbows and tees avoided, to avoid
loss of capacity or difficulty in priming
due to air leaks.
 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
 NPSH available is the absolute pressure of the
liquid at the pump entry less its vapour pressure
at the pumping temperature.  It is an expression
of the service conditions and is the maximum
absolute pressure available at the pump entry to
overcome the suction losses of the pump itself.
 NPSH required is the minimum absolute pressure
necessary at the pump entry to maintain the required
flow without cavitation.  The NPSH required for any
pump is the standard absolute atmospheric pressure
(10.4 m or 34 ft of water) less the listed suction lift of
the pump at normal temperature and pressure.
 Specific Gravity
 The specific gravity of a liquid is the
ratio of the weight of unit volume of
the liquid to that of distilled water at
40°C.  For normal pumping
calculations, the specific gravity of
clean fresh water can be taken as 1.0
and that of sea water 1.03
 Viscosity
 In the SI system of units, dynamic
viscosity is expressed as the Newton
second per square meter (N*s/m2.  In the
CGS system of units, dynamic viscosity is
expressed as dyne second per square
centimetre (dyne*s/cm2) which is called a
Poise.
 The centipoise (cP), is a hundredth of a Poise
and is the most common unit for dynamic
viscosity.  The dynamic viscosity for water at
20oC (68oF) is approximately 1 cP.
 Kinematic viscosity is defined as the
ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.  The
most common unit for kinematic viscosity
is the centistoke (cSt), which is a
hundredth of a Stoke.  A Stoke is defined
as 1 cm2/s and is taken from : 
 kinematic viscosity = dynamic viscosity ÷
density  =  Poise ÷ g/cm3
 .
SLIDING VANE PUMP

 These pumps have a number of vanes that are
free to slide into or out of slots in the pump
rotor. When the pump driver turns the rotor,
centrifugal force, rods, and/or pressurized fluid
causes the vanes to move outward in their slots
and bear against the inner bore of the pump
casing forming pumping chambers. As the rotor
revolves, fluid flows into the area between the
vanes (pumping chambers) when they pass the
suction port. This fluid is transported around the
pump casing until the discharge port is reached.
At this point the fluid is squeezed out into the
discharge piping.
ECCENTRIC MOVEMENT PUMP
 These pumps consist of a cylinder and a
pumping element mounted on an
eccentric shaft. As the eccentric shaft is
rotated, the pumping element forms
chambers within the cylinder, which
increase in size at the intake port, drawing
fluid into the pumping chamber. The fluid
is transported to the discharge port where
the pumping chamber size is decreased.
This action squeezes the fluid out into the
discharge piping.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 The simplest type of centrifugal,consists
fundamentally of a rotating element, called an
impeller, and a casing. Liquid is led to the eye or
center of the impeller and is set into rotation by
the impeller vanes. By virtue of centrifugal force
the liquid is thrown from the rim or periphery of
the impeller with a considerable velocity and
pressure. The casing, which closely surrounds
the impeller, has a volute shaped passage of
increasing area, which collects the liquid leaving
the impeller, and converts a portion of its
velocity energy into additional pressure energy.
PERISTALTIC PUMP
 The Abaque pump operates on the peristaltic principle
which was patented in 1925 by Mr. Horthaus of France.
It is classified as positive displacement pump meaning
that a fixed and known amount of fluid is discharged per
revolution of the pump with flow independent of
discharge head. The pump operates by compressing a
specially designed elastomeric hose between a set of
two or more shoes attached to a rotor and the internal
wall of the pump case or housing. Fluid in the hose is
forced from the inlet side of the pump toward the
discharge by the squeezing or compressing motion of
the shoes on the rotor of the pump as it rotates. This
peristaltic action is in some ways similar in nature to that
of the human digestive tract.
RECIPROCATING GAS COMPRESSOR
 Reciprocating Gas Compressors The single
stage, reciprocating compressors create a low-
pressure area in the pumping chamber when the
piston moves from the highest point of the
stroke to the lowest point. Gaseous product (at
a higher pressure in the tank) moves into the
pumping chamber. This volume of gas is then
displaced when the piston moves to the top of
the stroke. Equipped with high efficiency valves,
ductile iron pistons, self-adjusting piston rod
seals and other robust features, these
compressors are designed to provide maximum
performance and reliability under the most
severe service conditions.
ROTARY VANE
 Rotary Vane Compressor This compressor
incorporates simple, dependable, rotating
sliding-vane technology to provide
sustained performance pressures or
vacuums for off-loading liquids. A rotary
vane compressor takes in atmospheric air
through a high performance inlet air filter,
and discharges the compressed air at a
higher pressure into a cargo tank. The
elevated pressure pushes the liquid out
through the discharge piping.
SCREW COMPRESSOR
 Screw Compressors Within the compressor body there are two screws
with matting profile: a female and a male screw, female having concave
inlets and the male with convex helical inlets. The screws rotate in
opposite directions with the  female screw receiving the driving power and
transmitting this power to the male screw through a set of
synchronization gears.
 As the screws rotate, the air is drawn into the inlet port and fills up the
space between the screws. This phase is the Admission. The key phase is
the Compression. It starts when the end of a male thread blocks the end
of a female thread. The volume available between the compressor body
and these two threads then progressively decreased during rotation.
When this volume merges into the delivery outlet of the compressor, the
third phase takes place, hence the Exhaust.
 Throughout this process, there is no contact between the screws. This
means no wear, total reliability, and non-pulsating air delivery. These 
compressor/blowers can be used in either a Mobil or stationary application
and can be driven by a PTO, electric motor, or hydraulic power system. A
complete range of dedicated ancillary product is available to support this
product line.
 Heat exchanger
 A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient
heat transfer from one fluid to another, whether the
fluids are separated by a solid wall so that they
never mix, or the fluids are directly contacted. They
are widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning,
space heating, electricity generation, and chemical
processing. One common example of a heat
exchanger is the radiator in a car, in which a hot
engine-cooling fluid, like antifreeze, transfers heat to
air flowing through the radiator.
 Heat exchangers may be classified according to
their flow arrangement. In parallel-flow heat
exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger
at the same end, and travel in parallel to one
another to the other side. In counter-flow heat
exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from
opposite ends. The counter current design is
most efficient, in that it can transfer the most
heat. See countercurrent exchange. In a cross-
flow heat exchanger, the fluids travel roughly
perpendicular to one another through the
exchanger.
1: Shell and tube heat exchanger,
single pass (1-1 parallel flow)
 Fig. 2: Shell and tube heat
exchanger, 2-pass tube side (1-2
crossflow)
 Fig. 3: Shell and tube heat
exchanger, 2-pass shell side, 2-pass
tube side (2-2 countercurrent)
 Plate Heat Exchangers

 Schmidt-Bretten Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers

 Plate Heat Exchangers utilize corrugated plates stacked
between a fixed and a movable pressure plate. The
corrugation patterns alternate for maximum operating
pressures. As virtually all of the material is used for heat
transfer, Plate Heat Exchangers can have large amounts
of effective heat transfer surface in a small footprint. It is
not uncommon that a Plate Heat Exchanger will have the
same thermal capacity as a Shell & Tube five times
larger.The unique corrugation pattern pressed onto each
Schmidt-Bretten thermal plate produces the highest
overall heat transfer rate by assuring highly turbulent flow
and excellent fluid distribution across the entire surface.
 Schmidt-Bretten Semi-Welded
Plate Heat Exchangers

 API Heat Transfer Semi-Welded plates feature

plates that are welded using advanced laser
welding techniques. Two plates are welded
together and are fitted with a Viton® O-Ring
and/or Teflon® gasket liner. The resulting plate
pack has every other plate fully serviceable, while
maintaining integrity of the welded plate pair.This
is especially suitable for critical fluids and gases,
such as ammonia or caustic process chemicals
where fluid loss is not acceptable. In the case of
ammonia refrigeration, the reduced volume
results in significant savings.
 Schmidt-Bretten Welded Plate
Heat Exchangers
 Compact and Rugged
  Welded Plate Heat Exchangers represent the most
compact, rugged and cost-effective means of
transferring heat in many industrial applications. Built
entirely from 316 stainless steel, they provide
exceptional corrosion resistance. The exchanger features
corrugated plates that produce highly turbulent flow in a
true counter-current direction. The result is high
efficiency in a very compact design. Due to the smaller
size and reduced material content, welded plate heat
exchangers can be the most economical heat transfer
choice.
 Schmidt-Bretten Brazed Plate
Heat Exchangers
 Brazed Plate Heat Exchangers represent the
most compact, rugged and cost-effective means
of transferring heat in many industrial and
refrigerant applications. Built from 316 stainless
steel with copper brazing materials, they provide
exceptional corrosion resistance. The SB-Series
features corrugated plates that produce highly
turbulent flow in a true counter-current direction.
This results in high efficiency and a very compact
heat exchanger design. Due to the smaller size
and reduced material content, they can be the
most economical heat transfer choice.
Airtech Aluminum Air-Cooled
Heat Exchangers
Fan-Cooled Aluminum Heat
Exchangers
PCR Aluminum Heat Exchangers
PCR Aluminum Heat Exchangers
 When warm, dry air is critical to the
manufacturing process, air dryers are
often installed as part of the plant's
compressed air system. One of the most
common designs is a non-cycling direct
expansion refigerated air-dryer. API has
developed the PCR, or pre-cooler, cooler,
reheater, designed specifically to meet the
needs of the refrigerated air dryer market.