Statistics &

Probability
2nd Sem – 3rd Quarter
 STATISTICS
• Is a disciplined that combines Mathematics, Economics, research and
practicalities of life (poll or survey).
 Random Variable

• is a capacity that connects a real number with every

component in the sample space. It is a variable whose
qualities are controlled by chance.

TWO TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE

1. Discrete random variable
2. Continuous random variable
Probability = CHANCES

Illustrating a random variable

(Discrete and Continuous)
 Probability

EVENT SAMPLE SPACE

 the set of outcomes  The arrangement of every
from an experiment possible outcomes of an
experiment

Examples: tossing a 2 coins

HEAD, TAIL HH, HT, TH, TT
SEATWORK #1
SEATWORK #1
Finding Possible Values of a
Random Variable

STATISTICS and Probability

Random variable

 a numerical quantity that is derived

from the outcomes of random
experiments.
 Finding Possible Values of a
Random Variable
Example 1. Suppose two coins are tossed, let Z be the random variable
representing the number of heads that occur. Find the values of the random
variable Z.
STEPS TO SOLVE:
1. Determine the sample space.
2. Count the number of ( based on the given) in
each outcome in the sample
space and assign this number to this outcome.
 Finding Possible Values of a Random Variable

Example 1. Suppose two

coins are tossed, let Z be the
random variable
representing the number of
heads that occur. Find the
values of the random
variable Z.
 Finding Possible Values of a Random Variable

Example 2. In a box are 4

balls - two white and two
yellow. Two balls are picked
together with replacement.
Let X be the random
variable representing the
number of white balls. Find
the values of the random
variable X
SEATWORK #2 “Getting Balls from a Box”
1. Two balls are picked in succession without replacement - four white balls
and five green balls. Let Y be the random variable representing the
number of green balls. Find the values of the random variable Y.
Complete the table below.
Value of Random Variable Y
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES (number of green balls)
SEATWORK #2 “Getting Balls from a Box”
1. Two balls are picked in Value of Random Variable
succession without Y
replacement - four white POSSIBLE OUTCOMES
(number of green balls)
balls and five green balls.
Let Y be the random
variable representing
the number of green
2 WHITE BALLS (WW) 0
balls. Find the values of 1 WHITE BALL
the random variable Y.
1 GREEN BALL (WG) 1
Complete the table below.

1 GREEN BALL
1 WHITE BALL (GW) 1
2 GREEN BALLS (GG) 2
 Illustrating a Probability
Distribution for a Discrete Random
Variable and its Properties

STATISTICS and Probability

 RANDOM EXPERIMENT, SAMPLE SPACE &
EVENT
 RANDOM EXPERIMENT –
refers to an action or process that
leads to one of several possible
outcomes.
 SAMPLE SPACE– list of all
possible outcomes of that
experiment.

 EVENT– a set of outcomes of a

random experiment.
 RANDOM EXPERIMENT, SAMPLE SPACE &
EVENT
THE OUTCOMES MUST BE COLLECTIVELY EXHAUSTIVE AND MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE

 Collectively exhaustive – means  Mutually exclusive– two events that

that the possible outcomes must be cannot occur at the same time or
included. simultaneously.
Example: when throwing an
Example: when a coin is tossed then
unbiased six-sided die, the outcomes
the result will be either head or tail,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 are collectively
but we cannot get both the results.
exhaustive. Similarly, when a coin is
tossed, the outcome can either be
heads or tails.
 PROBABILITY OF AN EVENT P(E)
 PROBABILITY- a numerical measure of the likelihood of the
occurrence of an event. (chances)

FORMULA TO GET THE

PROBABILITY: n(E) n(X)
n(S) n(S)
EXAMPLE:
Consider an experiment in which a coin is tossed thrice

H
H
T
H
H
Tossing a T
coin T
thrice
H
H
T
T
H
T
T
1. 𝑺={ 𝑯𝑯𝑯 , 𝑯𝑯𝑻 , 𝑯𝑻𝑯 , 𝑯𝑻𝑻 , 𝑻𝑯𝑯 , 𝑻𝑯𝑻 , 𝑻𝑻𝑯 , 𝑻𝑻𝑻 }𝒏 ( 𝑺 ) =𝟖
EXAMPLE: 1. Consider an experiment in which a coin is tossed thrice
2. Let the random variable X be the number of heads. Find the VALUE of the
VARIABLE:
3. Solve for the probability of each of the random
VALUE OF THE
OUTCOME RANDOM variables using the formula:
VARIABLE (X) 𝒏( 𝑿 )
HHH 3 𝑷 ( 𝑿 )=
𝒏( 𝑺)
HHT 2 Where:
HTH 2 = number of elements having the same random variable.
𝒏 (𝑺)= total number of outcomes in the experiment.
HTT 1
THH 2
THT 1
TTH 1
TTT 0

𝑺={ 𝑯𝑯𝑯 , 𝑯𝑯𝑻 , 𝑯𝑻𝑯 , 𝑯𝑻𝑻 , 𝑻𝑯𝑯 , 𝑻𝑯𝑻 , 𝑻𝑻𝑯 , 𝑻𝑻𝑻 }

𝒏 ( 𝑺 )=𝟖
 SEATWORK #3

 Toss 4 coins simultaneously and record the number of heads that will occur. (1
Whole sheet of paper)
a. Tabulate the probability distribution for the number of heads.
b. Draw a histogram for the probability function.