ADDITION & MULTIPLICATION

Rules of Probability
Statistics & Probability – 3rd Quarter week 2
*ADDITION RULE OF PROBABILITY will help us solve
probability problems that involve two events.
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS – events which do not have any sample
point in common. Event “A” and Event “B” are mutually exclusive if there are
no elements in A that are found in B. It is characterized by the conjunction
“or”.
EXAMPLE: The probability of two mutually exclusive
EVENT A EVENT B events A and B can be found using the
(Drawing ACE cards) (Drawing KING cards) formula:

Where: - Probability of an event A

- Probability of an event B
EXAMPLE: What is the probability of getting at least one head in tossing a
coin twice or getting a “5” in casting die once.
𝑷 ( 𝑯 ∪ 𝑭 )= 𝑷 ( 𝑯 ) + 𝑷 ( 𝑭 )
𝟑 𝟏
+
𝟒 𝟔
.: Therefore, the probability of getting at least one head in
tossing a coin twice or getting a “5” in casting a die is

* If there are elements in A that are also present in B, event A

and B are said to be non-mutually exclusive events.
NON-MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS – are events that have at least
one common element of point of intersection.
EVENT A EVENT B
EXAMPLE:
(Drawing a heart cards) (Drawing KING cards)

The probability of non-mutually exclusive events A and B can be found using the
formula:

Where: - Probability of an event A

- Probability of an event B
– Probability of A intersection B
EXAMPLE: What is the probability of drawing a heart (H) or a king (K) From
a standard deck of cards?
𝑷 ( 𝑯 ∪ 𝑲 ) =𝑷 ( 𝑯 )+ 𝑷 ( 𝑲 ) − 𝑷 ( 𝑯 ∩ 𝑲 )
𝟏𝟑 𝟒 𝟏
¿ + −
𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐 𝟓𝟐
𝟏𝟔 𝟒
𝑷 ( 𝑯 ∪ 𝑲 )= 𝒐𝒓 .: Therefore, the probability of drawing a
𝟓𝟐 𝟏𝟑
heart (H) or a king from a standard deck
of cards
*MULTIPLICATION RULE OF PROBABILITY
Two events are said to be independent events if the occurrence or non-occurrence of
one event gives no information about the likeliness of the occurrence of the other.
This means that the information about one event does not change the probability of
the other event.
Example: In tossing a coin two times, let event A be the probability of getting a head in the
first toss and let event B be the probability of getting a head in the second toss. The probability
of event A was not affected by the probability of event B because the TWO EVENTS ARE
INDEPENDENT.

The probability can be computed using

the formula:
Where: - Probability of an event A
- Probability of an event B
EXAMPLE: Two cards are drawn in succession with replacement. What is the
probability of drawing an ace (A) on the first draw and a face card (F) on the
second draw

𝑷 ( 𝑨∩ 𝑭 )= 𝑷 ( 𝑨 ) ∗ 𝑷 ( 𝑭 )

¿( )( )
𝟒
𝟓𝟐
𝟏𝟐
𝟓𝟐

.: The probability of drawing an ace card on the

first draw and a face card on the second draw is
𝟑/𝟏𝟔𝟗
SEATWORK #4
1. Two diced are tossed. Find the probability of getting
the sum of 9 and 12?
2. What is the probability of drawing a black card or an
eight from a standard deck of cards?
3. A coin is tossed two times. What is the probability of
getting a head in the first toss and a tail on the second
toss?
Illustrating Mean and Variance of
Discrete Random Variable
Statistics & Probability – 3rd Quarter week 2
Calculating Mean and Variance
Of Discrete Random Variable
Statistics & Probability – 3rd Quarter week 2
POINTS TO
REMEMBER:
EXAMPLE 1:
EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE 2:
Suppose that a coin is tossed twice so that the sample space is S =
{𝐻𝐻, H𝑇, T𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}. Let X represent the “number of heads that can
come up”, Based on the prepared discrete probability distributions
of the random variable X below, calculate the mean, variance, and
standard deviation.
EXAMPLE 2:
Suppose that a coin is tossed twice so that the sample space is
S = {𝐻𝐻, H𝑇, T𝐻, 𝑇𝑇}. Let X represent the “number of heads that can come up”, Based on the prepared
discrete probability distributions of the random variable X below, calculate the mean, variance, and
standard deviation.
SEATWORK #5
Well done!