STATISTICS

AND PROBABILITY
 Random variables
and Probability Distribution

1. Understanding Random Variables

2. Discrete Probability Distribution
3. Mean and Variance of Discrete
Probability Distribution
4. Applied Problems involving the Mean
and the Variance of a Discrete
Probability Distribution
 Normal Distribution

1. Exploring the concepts of Normal

Probability Distribution
2. Understanding z-scores
3. Identifying Regions of Areas Under
Normal Curve
4. Determining Probabilities
5. Locating Percentiles Under the Normal
Curve
6. Applying the Normal Curve Concepts in
Problem Solving
 Sampling
and Sampling Distribution

1. Sampling Distribution of Sample

Means
2. Finding the Mean and Variance of
the Sampling Distribution of Means
3. Solving Problems Involving
Sampling Distribution of Sample
Means
 RANDOM VARIABLES
AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

Random Variable

Discrete Continuous

Mean Variance

Standard Deviation
 Random Variables

Statistical Experiments
- processes that generate a set
of data.
Random Experiments
- experiments whose outcomes
cannot be predicted. Example:
tossing a coin, tossing a die
Sample Space
- the set of all possible
outcomes of an experiment
Sample Point
- element of a sample space.
EXAMPLE 1.
Determine the sample space for
the given experiments
1. tossing two coins
2. tossing a die
3. tossing a coin and a die
4. choosing a card from an
ordinary deck of playing cards.
 EVENTS AND PROBABILITY

Event – a subset of a sample space.

Simple events – contain only one

sample point
Empty set / Null set – no sample
point
Probability – measure of how likely a
particular event will occur.

n - number of sample points in event A

N - number of sample points in the
entire sample space.

Note: 0≤P(A) ≤1
EXAMPLE 2.
1. In tossing two coins, what is the
probability of getting exactly one head?
2. In tossing a die, what is the probability of
obtaining a number less than 5?
3. In tossing a coin and a die, what is the
probability of getting a head?
4. In choosing a card from an ordinary deck
of playing cards, what is the probability of
getting a card from the heart suit?
5. A bag contains 7 blue balls and 3 red balls.
If a ball will be picked at random, what is
the probability of getting a red ball?
 ADDITION RULE OF PROBABILITY

Two events are mutually exclusive

if they cannot occur at the same time;
they have no common outcomes.
P(A⋃B)=P(A)+P(B)
When two events are not mutually
exclusive, one of the probabilities of the
common outcomes must be subtracted
since it has been calculated twice.
P(A⋃B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A⋂B)
U S
A B A B

A B
Mutually exclusive events Nonmutually exclusive events
EXAMPLE 3.
1. In tossing a die, what is the
probability of obtaining an
even number or an odd
number?
2. In drawing a card from an
ordinary deck of cards, what is
the probability of getting a
heart card or a king card?
EXAMPLE 4.
In a bag containing 3 red
balls, 4 orange balls, 6 green
balls, 5 yellow balls, and 2
blue balls, 1 ball will be
chosen at random. What is the
probability of getting a red,
blue or yellow ball?
 COMPLEMENT OF AN EVENT
A’
A

Union of the events A and A’ is the entire

sample space S is 1.
P(A)+P(A’) = 1
Probability of the complement event A’
given the probability of the event A.
P(A’) = 1 – P(A)
EXAMPLE 5.
Suppose that the probability of
choosing a grade 11 student
from the senior high school
division in a certain school is
0.67. What is the probability of
choosing a student who does not
belong to grade 11?
 DISCRETE AND CONTINUOUS
RANDOM VARIABLES

Random Variable – a function that

assigns a real number to each element
of the sample space. It is denoted by
uppercase letters.

The realizations or the possible

values of these random variable are
denoted by the corresponding lowercase
letters.
EXAMPLE 6.
Determine the realizations of the
following random variables.
1. W = the number of heads that may be
obtained in tossing a coin and a die.
2. X = the number of dots on the
upturned face of a tossed die.
3. Y = the number of king cards in
getting 5 cards from an ordinary deck
of playing cards.
4. T = the lifetime of a newborn baby.
Discrete random variable – only a
finite or countable number of
possible values.
Continuous random variable –
takes on an uncountable number
of values from a given finite or
infinite set of values.
 EXAMPLES OF RANDOM VARIABLES
Experiment Random Realizations Classification
Variable (x) of (x)

Inspect 20 Number of Discrete

deliveries of defective cellular
x = 0, 1, 2,
cellular phones phones 3, ……. 20
Observe the cars Number of over Discrete
that pass by an speeding cars
x = 0, 1, 2
intersection passing an ……..
intersection
Get some rice Weight of rice (in Continuous
from a 20 kg sack kg)
0≤x≤20

Read a book Time it takes to Continuous

finish reading the
x≥0
book
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE
- designates probabilities to the
possible values of a random variable.

DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE

- the probability distribution is
defined by a probability mass function
denoted by:
P(X=x)
The probability mass function is a
table, a formula, or a graph showing
the possible values of the random
variable together with their
corresponding probabilities.

The possible values of the random

variable are called mass points.
EXAMPLE. Tossing a die.
Let the random variable X be
defined as the number of dots
shown on the upturned face of the
die.
The probability mass function of X,
written using a formula, is given by
EXAMPLE. Probability Mass
Function of X, where X is the
number of dots on the upturned
face of a die.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6

P(X=x)
EXAMPLE. Graphical representation
of a probability mass function of X,
where X represents the number
showing on the upturned face of a
die.
The probability mass function are as
follows:
EXAMPLE 7. Two coins are
tossed. Let X be the number of
heads. Obtain the probability
mass function of X. (Express the
answer in tabular and histogram
representation.)
EXAMPLE 8. Suppose that the
probability mass function is defined
by the following formula.

Make a tabular representation of the

probability mass function.
ANSWER.
Statistics and Probability Book.
Exercises. Page 7-8, Items 1-4
BOYS – odd numbers
GIRLS – Even numbers