CHAPTER 2

Freud:
Classical Icon

Psychoanalytic
Icon Icon

Theory
 introduction

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Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis has endured
because it (1) postulated the primacy of sex and
aggression—two universally popular themes, (2) attracted
a group of followers who were dedicated to spreading
psychoanalytic doctrine, and (3) advanced the notion of
unconscious motives, which permit varying explanations
for the same observations.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Describe and differentiate the structure of personality

• Explain the dynamics of personality
• Discover the basic elements of consciousness and determine how they are formed
• Determine and evaluate the current research related to classical psychoanalytic
theory
 LEARNING CONTENT

• Personal Theory
• Structure of Personality
• Dynamics of Personality
• Development of Personality
• Current Research and Evaluation
Psychoanalysis

“Psychoanalysis has as its core the idea that

each of us has an unconscious part whose
existence, activities and thoughts are hidden
behind a mental barrier that we cannot
voluntarily remove. Behind this barrier are
repressed and psychologically dangerous
thoughts that give rise to unconscious
conflicts, which in turn, can result in
psychological and physical symptoms.”
- Plotnik, p. 514
 • Born 1865 in Freiberg, Moravia to Jacob, his wool-
merchant father. Mother was Jacob’s third wife.
Biography of
Freud • Moved to Vienna in 1860 until 1938.
Image or icon Image or icon Image or icon

• Vienna exciting place of opportunity and optimism.

In 1867, Jews granted political rights and
accepted into society.
• Freud assimilated, identifying as a German.
• About the time he was 15, liberal political
atmosphere evaporated and anti-Semitism
became virulent, shattering assimilation
 • Graduated from University of Vienna medical
Biography of
school with strong interest in research but quickly
Freud Image or icon Image or icon Image or icon
married and realized only private practice would
provide needed financial support.
• Published well received scholarly papers on
neurological disorders.
• Outbreak of WW II forced him to flee to London,
where he died a year later in 1939.
 DRIVE OR A
MOTIVATION
DESIRE.

Freud-believed that mental Being deprived of a need arouses a

illness is a result of nurture, feeling called a DRIVE OR DESIRE.
not nature. Animals respond instinctively, humans
learn various ways to respond.
MOTIVATION People have DRIVES OR DESIRES in
Needs motivate human the back of their minds
“What makes behaviour (food, shelter,
clothing…) LIVE or DIE
people do things?” Human motivation explains People are born with a certain number
the reasons why people of instincts or DRIVES (human
behave the way they do. instinctive behaviour)
Some of these desires cause people to
behave irrationally.
The mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk above water" (S. Freud)
 Conscious • Mental life that is directly available, plays a minor role

Preconscious • Not in conscious awareness, but can be

Unconscious
 Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, compared the human mind to an iceberg. The tip
above the water represents consciousness, and the vast region below the surface symbolizes the
unconscious mind. Of Freud’s three basic personality structures—id, ego, and superego—only the
id is totally unconscious.
Parts of
the
Mind
Main difference between Ego and Superego?
Dynamics of
Drives Anxiety
Personality

• Neurotic Anxiety-
Thanatos = Libido or
apprehension about an
Sex Drive MEANS
unknown danger
Aggression/Destructive
• Moral Anxiety- the conflict
Drive( IMPETUS,
between ego and super ego
amount of force exerts,
• Realistic Anxiety- closely
excitement, tension
related to fear
 Defense Mechanisms
A mental maneuver that one consciously or unconsciously chooses to use to distort or
falsify the truth of one’s experience in order to protect oneself from feeling painful emotions
like shame, guilt, or anxiety.
LYING
One doesn’t tell the truth for either self-gain or to
spare feeling ridicule, rejection, or punishment.
Phrases like “I swear I didn’t do it,” or “It doesn’t
mean anything” are often used when we know
we haven’t lived up to our higher selves.
In what circumstances do you think people lie
the most?
RATIONALIZATION
Occurs when we tell an element of the truth, but deny
the larger truth of the matter.
For example, “I could have won the race but the track
was wet.” The larger truth was that someone was
faster.
“I got fired, but the boss was a jerk.” Failures are a
threat to the ego rationalization doesn’t hurt as bad.
REGRESSION
When adult defense mechanisms stop working for us, we
regress to a personality we had at childhood.
For example, when an adult doesn’t take responsibility, he
says, “It’s not my fault, it’s her fault.”
Immature patterns of behavior emerge such as bragging.
REPRESSION
The person forces the unacceptable or threatening feeling
out of awareness to a point where he/she becomes
unaware of it.
Examples could be a simple reprimand or as serious as a
rape.
A person is asked, “how do you get along with your
mother” and he responds, “just fine” as he turns pale.
Negative feelings about the mother are so unacceptable
that they block his awareness.
 Defense Mechanisms
A mental maneuver that one consciously or unconsciously chooses to use to distort or
falsify the truth of one’s experience in order to protect oneself from feeling painful emotions
like shame, guilt, or anxiety.

DENIAL
The person doesn’t acknowledge the validity of
the matter but acknowledges its presence. They
oppose force with force.
For example, the alcoholic expresses, “I may like
to drink, but I’m not an alcoholic.”
Or a smoker concludes that the evidence linking
cigarette use to health problems is bogus.
PROJECTION
The person attributes one’s own perceived negative attributes
onto someone else.
For example, Bill blames the instructor for a bad grade when he
didn’t study.
Sara says, “You envy me,” when Sara really envies the other
person.
Sam cheats on his spouse and blames the spouse for cheating.

SUPPRESSION
The person is aware of the unacceptable desire and
validates it but intentionally tries to keep it from AND MORE……
expressing itself.
For example, “I know I’m an alcoholic so I’m going on
the wagon.”
A homosexual who intentionally doesn’t date members
of the same sex so that the unacceptable does not
express itself.
An introvert is conditioned to be an extrovert.
He often suppress anger.
 Age Characteristics Types

Psychosexual • Mouth is the

primary
Oral incorporative:
•Excessive concern with

Development
erogenous zone
oral activities
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Birth – 1
• Pleasure derived
Oral aggressive:
from sucking
•Excessive pessimism &
aggressiveness
• Id is dominant
The development of the psyche:
Personality develops in stages
Progresses in stages as the libido
(desire, sexual energy) is redirected
to different parts of the body
Fixation: Lack of resolution
Excessive frustration or
overindulgence (vs gratification)
results in fixation
Portion of libido remains invested
Psychosexual
Development Icon

The development of the psyche:

Personality develops in stages
Progresses in stages as the libido
(desire, sexual energy) is redirected
to different parts of the body
Fixation: Lack of resolution
Excessive frustration or
overindulgence (vs gratification)
results in fixation
Portion of libido remains invested
Psychosexual
Development
The development of the psyche:
Personality develops in stages
Progresses in stages as the libido
(desire, sexual energy) is redirected
to different parts of the body
Fixation: Lack of resolution
Excessive frustration or
overindulgence (vs gratification)
results in fixation
Portion of libido remains invested
Psychosexual
Development Icon

If you don’t resolve this

conflict between the ID
and the EGO, you may
experience unhappiness or
mental distress.

Thus, in order to
understand motivation,
you must understand what
is in your unconscious
memory. This is the basis
for PSYCHOANALYSIS.
 Thus, in order to
understand motivation,
you must understand what Free
is in your unconscious Dream
Association-
memory. This is the basis Analysis
for PSYCHOANALYSIS

Amnesia
 Paradox of sleep-REM(Rapid Eye Movement)
NON- REM

Dreams- Conscious- images, pictures in mind

Premonition Dreams
Sign, Symbol
(unconscious)

Lucid dreams Unconscious Wish Fulfillment

(subconscious) (unconscious)
 Paradox of sleep-REM(Rapid Eye Movement)
NON- REM

Dreams- Conscious- images, pictures in mind

Latent Content of Dreams- Dreams for Survival-

(Subconscious) 1. Realization
2. Satisfaction

Manifest Content of Dreams-
(unconscious, subconscious)
Day Dreams
Waking dreams, fantasies
Activation Synthesis Theory- Brain
produces random electrical energy
during REM sleep that stimulates
memories
 KEY NOTIONS IN
PSYCHOANALYSIS PSYCHOLOGICAL
DETERMINISM CONFLICT UNCONSCIOUS

There is not such thing Our lives are a constant Consists of the processes
as random behavior; all negotiation of opposing in the mind which occur
our acts are determined impulses (desire/fear; automatically and are not
by internal forces love/hate) available to introspection,
(wishes, fears) related to and include thought
two basic instincts Such conflicts produce processes, memories,
anxiety (realistic, interests, and motivations.
neurotic, moral)
Related Research

Automatic, implicit, Neuropsychological

nonconscious processing underpinnings of repression

Activation-synthesis
theory
Limbic
system
 Research Generation (AVERAGE)
Directly and indirectly related to psychoanalytic theory.
Evaluation
Falsifiability (VERY LOW)
Ideas can be explained by other models

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Organization and Explanation of Data (AVERAGE)
Only some principles are confirmed by science

Guidance for Practitioners (LOW)

As present day practitioners prefer to use modern approaches.

Internal Consistency (LOW)

As most terms were not defined operationally.

Parsimony (LOW)
Due to complexities on its definition of human personality.
 Free Choice over Determinism
Concept of Humanity
Optimism over Pessimism
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Teleology and Causality

Conscious over Unconscious

Social Factors over Biology

Uniqueness over Similarity

UNCONSCIOUS FORCES
AS DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR
PRESENTATION TITLE LINE

THANK YOU!