POLITICAL

IDEOLOGIES
IDEOLOGY

• a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which

forms the basis of economic or political theory and
policy.
• a manner or the content of thinking characteristic
of an individual, group, or culture.
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY
• In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set
of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or
symbols of a social movement, institution, class or
large group that explains how society should work
and offers some political and cultural blueprint for
a certain social order.
POLITICAL IDEOLOGY

• A reasonably coherent structure of thought shared

by a group of people. It is a means of explaining
how society works and explaining how it ought to
work. (Dobson, 1992)
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
• COMMUNISM
• SOCIALISM
• LIBERALISM
• CONSERVATISM
• FASCISM
• FEMINISM
 COMMUNISM

• Also known as “Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism” or

“Marxism”, is both political and economic philosophy.
• Communism is enclosed in two primary writings:
1. The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx in 1848.
2. Das Kapital, by Friedrich Engels (a follower of Marx)
 COMMUNISM
• According to Marx and Engels, a person’s view of the
world depends on its class membership.
• Socialization among people now determines the limit
and extent of a person’s world view and members of
each class should act and think according to their class
membership (social construction of reality)
 COMMUNISM
• Furthermore, according to Marx, material production
or economic relationships are basic to all life.
• People must produce goods before they can do
anything, they must produce themselves. However,
they cannot even do that unless they are capable of
feeding themselves.
MAIN GOALS OF THE COMMUNIST
MANIFESTO
• To focus on the struggle and motivate the common
people to riot.
• To envision a model government, whose
economics would destroy the upper class-freeing
the lower class from tyranny.
ACCORDING TO THE COMMUNIST
MANIFESTO, COMMUNISM HAS
TEN (10) ESSENTIAL PLANKS:
1. Abolition of Private property
2. Heavy Progressive Income Tax
3. Abolition of Rights of Inheritance
4. Confiscation of Property Rights
5. Central Bank
6. Government ownership of Communication and
Transportation
7. Government ownership of Factories and Agriculture
8. Government control of Labor
9. Corporate Farms and Regional Planning
10.Government Control of Education
 SOCIALISM

• Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of

social organization advocating public or state ownership
and administration of the means of production and
distribution of goods, and a society characterized by equal
opportunities for all individuals, with a fair or egalitarian
method of compensation.
SOCIALISM

• Socialism existed as a result of communism. •

Society, not individuals, should own the property.
• Common ownership would mean that all should be
given the opportunity to participate on how
resources should be used and thus nobody should
solely take control of the resources
SOCIALISM

• Further, this means the right to participate in the social

decisions that affect them, that is production of goods
and services and the sole object of the production
would be to meet human needs. This would mean now
that nobody will sell, buy and have money.
SOCIALISM

• The government then should plan the economy;

There is no free market (an economic system in
which prices are determined by unrestricted
competition between privately owned businesses)
so that all citizens will have roughly the same level
of prosperity.
 LIBERALISM

• Liberalism a political or social philosophy advocating the

freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of
government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or
economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in
all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental
guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.
 LIBERALISM

• Liberalism was originated from the writings of John

Locke (1632-1704) who developed the arguments for
consent, majority rule, and rights, particularly
property rights. • Most recent liberals trace their roots
to John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) “On Liberty” (1859)
that stressed freedom of thought and speech.
 LIBERALISM
• Liberalism emphasizes a tendency to favor change.
• People should keep trying to improve human society.
• Change is brought about by the conscious action of men
and women.
• Liberalism believes that people should be willing to use the
government to improve their condition
• Some people must be helped to live better lives and fulfill
their individual freedom.
• Liberals prefer individual freedom but are ambivalent
about economic freedom.
• Most problems are derived from impersonal, social and
economic forces acting on humanity.
• The role of the government must be limited (that it cannot
invade rights and freedoms of individual).
 CONSERVATISM
• Edmund Burke- Founder of Modern Conservatism. -authored
Reflections on the French Revolution (1790) in which he said that
“society is a complex web of relationships among the past,
present, and future.”
• Conservatism emphasizes that change is not good. Something that
has worked, even if not very well, is better than something untried
and unknown.
 CONSERVATISM
• Tradition is important; no human reason can undo it.
• Conservatives do not reject human reason completely but they
would rather trust tradition because they believe that tradition
contains the accumulated wisdom of past generations.
 CONSERVATISM

• The world changes and so does the conservatives. They

do not want to conserve all the past, they want to
conserve what they believe is the best of the past.
• Conservatives believe that human reason can devise a
solution to human problems.
 FASCISM
• Benito Mussolini- an Italian WW1 veteran, founded the fascist
party.
• Fascism’s basic assumption is that humans are not rational beings,
thus, they can only be led and manipulated. Nations and races
have to compete to survive.
• An ideal fascist sees himself as part of a nation and never as a
separate entity.
• According to Benito Mussolini, the carrier of the culture and
spirit of the nation are the past, present and future. It represents
the “immanent conscience of the nation”; and that it educates
the citizen in all the virtues.
• Further, he added that the individual is the nation and the
success of the nation lies on his continuous obedience to the
state.
• The nation is embodied in the state, an therefore the state must
be glorified
FEMINISM

• This political ideology focuses on the position of

women in society and the roles they play.
• However, they also believe that improving the
status of women will also benefit all human beings
whatever their gender is.
• According to the feminist, political needs have to be
redefined. In the family, for example, the men work
outside the home for wage. If the man’s wage is enough,
the woman does not work, but if the man’s wage is not
enough to pay for the helpers, the woman has to work in
the house without pay. If the woman works outside the
home, she still has to do the housework.
• Furthermore, feminism argues that women should
be given equal opportunity of socialization as the
men; this means that if men can drive a car, women
should drive a car as well.