Evaluation on

Generator-Transmission Line Protection

(Java-Bali Power System Case)

Wirawan, Jemjem Kurnaen, Syofvi F

THE 1ST ASEAN ADVANCE

ENGINEERING COURSE
Yogyakarta, 10-14 Maret 2003
Generator Protection Requirement

 To detect fault on the generator

 To protect generator from the effects of abnormal
power system operating conditions
 To isolate generator from system faults not cleared
remotely

1
Coordination Requirements

 Relay protection calculation applied by contractor or

consultant tend to protect power plant itself. Less
consideration to power system reliability.
 The abnormal condition on the network will not cause
damage to generator equipment and the protection
provided by the generator will not cause equipment
damage or abnormal conditions on the network.
 The protection system to be provided by the generator
shall be compatible and it can be fully coordinated
with the protection system of the network
 The setting of protection should be in accordance with
the regulation in Final Draft of Java Bali Grid Code

2
CONSIDERATION

POWER SYSTEM OPERATING CONDITION

 Power frequency Variation (49.50 – 50.50 Hz)
 System Voltage Variation ( -10% up to +5%)

Fault Clearing time

 Basic Fault clearing time
* 90 ms at 500 kV
* 120 ms at 150 kV
 Back-up time
* 400 ms for Z2 operating time
 CBF time
* 200 – 250 ms
 Selectivity between generator and system
* discriminating time 300 ms
3
Generator protection to be coordinated with line
protection

 Back up protection relay for phase to phase or phase

to ground fault ( 21 G, 51G, 51 T dan 51 NT)

 Frequency and Over Excitation Relay (81G and 24)

 Out of Step and Loss of Field Relay ( 78 dan 40)

 Back Up Transformer Start Up Protection for phase to

ground fault

Note

4
 Distance Relay-21G

To disconnect the generator from the

system if a generator or generator
transformer fault has not been clear by
the main protection

Setting consideration :
 Impedance reach of 21-G must be coordinated with line
impedance relay and CBF when impedance reach of 21-G pass
through the line impedance.

 Operating time must be delay equal or more than 700 millisecond.

Based on :
- CBF operating time : 200 msec.  tCBF < 250 msec.
- Zone-2 distance relay operating time : 400 msec
- Discriminating time (t) between two relay : 300 msec
5
Case : 21-G Coordination

Coordination of 21-G Suralaya Steam Power Plant and 21 Line

2
TA
x

TB
x
1
TC
x

0 4
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 1 10
x
3 3 3
za = 2.78 10 zab = 5.848 10 zabc = 8.91 10
Generator
Unit#1-4 SRLYA GNDUL CIBNG

Catatan : Impedansi (X) /100 (dalam Ohm)

One line diagram

6
 Case : 21-G Coordination

Coordination of 21-G Drajat-2 Steam Power Plant and 21 Line

3.0

TA x
2
TB x
2

TC x

0 0
0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
0 x x Zmax
103
3 3 3
Gen. Traf. za  2.977 10 zab  3.017 10 zabc
za 2.977
3.662
 10
Unit#1 DRAJAT2 DRAJAT1 KAMOJANG

Catatan : Impedansi (X) /100 (dalam Ohm)

One line diagram

7
 Over Current Relay 51G, 51T and 51 NGT

To disconnect the generator from the system if a system fault has

not been clear by the main protection

Setting consideration :
 Current setting is responsibility of the power plant owner

 Operating time must be coordinated with transmission

protection system such as 21-Line, CBF and Bus bar protection

 Relay should have Inverse Time characteristic

 Choose 700 ms time delay

8
Case : OCR Coordination Koordinasi Pengaman OCR GT Drajat-2
dengan CBF Diameter GI.150 kV Drajat2
3
1 10
1000

Waktu (detik) I2f150

Coordination of OCR
100
Generator Transformer
Ifmaks 2ph
Drajat-2 with Z2-Line
and CBF Drajat-
10
Kamojang
tO1i

tO3i

T13 i

50/51 GT Drajat #2

zone-2 distance relay

0.1

0.01 0.01
3 4
10 100 1 10 1 10
10 i 4
10

9
Case : GFR Coordination
Waktu (detik)
3
1 10
1000
I1f150
Ifmaks 1ph-G dari
masing-masing unit

Kurva ketahanan
Coordination of GFR
100
Trafo thp HS
Generator Transformer
Drajat-2 with Z2-Line
and CBF Drajat-
Kamojang
10

tG1x Ground Time O/C Drajat #2

Netral Time O/C Drajat #2
tGN1x

tG3x

T13 x

Zone-2 distance relay

0.1

0.01 0.01
3 4
10 100 1 10 1 10
10 x 4
Arus gangguan (A)
110

10
 Under Frequency Relay -81G

To detect overloading caused by various system disturbances or

operating conditions.

Setting consideration:
 Must consider security of power plant equipment.

 Must support Load Shedding and Islanding operation

 Not trip at normal operation (49.5 <f<50.5 Hz)

 Trip with time delay at Load Shedding or Islanding operation

(47.5<f<49.5 Hz)

 Trip instantaneous at frequency below Load Shedding or

Islanding operation (f< 47.5 Hz)
Note

11
 Over Excitation Relay ( 24)

Over excitation can cause over heated on generator stator or

generator transformer.

Setting consideration:
 Must consider security of power plant equipment due to over
excitation
 Must support Load Shedding and Islanding operation
 Not trip at V/Hz < 1.1 pu ( Vmax = 1.1 pu and fmin = 47.5/50 pu)
 Trip instantaneous at V/Hz > 1.1 pu

12
 Loss of Field Relay (40 G)

Severe loss of excitation can cause a high value of reactive current

to be drawn from the power system which can endanger the
generator (overheated in rotor and stator of generator )
Setting consideration :
• Provide fast protection for a loss of excitation with high
initial machine loading.
• Zone protection of 40 G relay shall not cause decreasing of
generator capability (under-excited operating capability)
• Relay shall not operate due to recoverable power swing in
the system

13
Loss of Field Relay (40 G)

o Trip instantaneously for 30 % or higher load conditions

o Trip with delay (0.5 up to 0.6 sec) for lightly loaded
conditions

14
Loss of Field Characteristic

o The final impedance point

depends on the load on the
machine prior to the loss of
excitation and it varies
from Xd’/2 at full load to Xd
at no load.
o The Locus of impedance
trajectory depends on the
value of system impedance.
For system impedance less
than 20% take a direct
path to the final point and
with higher system
impedance, the trajectory
will spiral in to the final
point.
15
Loss of Field Characteristic

D
ZS EG ES
XG XT ZS
A
XT

A
XG
EG/ES = 1
C

o At zero slip XG is equal to Xd (synchronous reactance), and

at 100% slip XG is equal to Xd” (sub transient reactance).
o The impedance in a typical case has been shown to be equal
to Xd’ (transient reactance) at 50% slip, and to 2Xd’ with a
slip 0.33%
o The slip likely to be experienced with asynchronous running
is low (close to 1 %)
16
 Case : Suralaya 4 x 400 MW + 3 x 600 MW
2

o MVA Sc =21.807
2

1.5 o Slip = 0.1

SVX k

SHX k

X 0 k 1

X 2 k

X 3 k
0.5
X 4 k

X 5 k

XX 4 k 0

Xloss4 k

XLk
0.5
Xgtk

Xrloss1 y

Xrloss2 y
1
XP 0 x

Xuel0 x

1.5

2 2
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
2 SVRk  SHRk  R 0 k  R 2 k  R 3 k  R 4 k  R 5 k  RR 4 k  Rloss4 k  RLk  Rgtk  Rrloss1 y  Rrloss2 y  RP 0 x  Ruel0 x 2

17
 Case : Suralaya 4 x 400 MW + 3 x 600 MW
2
2

o MVA Sc =21.807
1.5
SVX k o Slip = 1
SHX k

X 0 k 1

X 2 k

X 3 k
0.5
X 4 k

X 5 k

XX 4 k 0

Xloss4 k

XLk
0.5
Xgtk

Xrloss1 y

Xrloss2 y
1
XP 0 x

Xuel0 x

1.5

2 2
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
2 SVRk  SHRk  R0 k  R 2 k  R3 k  R 4 k  R 5 k  RR4 k  Rloss4 k  RLk  Rgtk  Rrloss1 y  Rrloss2 y  RP 0 x  Ruel0 x 2

18
 Case : Suralaya 4 x 400 MW + 3 x 600 MW
2
2

o MVA Sc =21.807
SVX k
1.5
o Slip = 10
SHX k

X 0 k 1

X 2 k

X 3 k
0.5
X 4 k

X 5 k

XX 4 k 0
Xloss4 k

XLk
0.5
Xgtk

Xrloss1 y

Xrloss2 y
1
XP 0 x

Xuel0 x

1.5

2 2
2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
2 SVRk  SHRk  R0 k  R 2 k  R3 k  R 4 k  R5 k  RR4 k  Rloss4 k  RLk  Rgtk  Rrloss1 y  Rrloss2 y  RP 0 x  Ruel0 x 2

19
Out of Step Relay ( 78)

To protect machine from mechanical oscillation caused by pole

slipping on the generator.

Setting consideration :
• Out of step relay shall operate when lose of synchronism occur
in the generator
• Out of step relay shall not operate instantaneously when
power swing occur outside the generator.
• Relay still operate properly during lose of synchronism
condition with low or high pole slipping.
• Out of step relay only allows to operate at power angle
between generator and system in decaying condition.
• Out of step relay shall not operate in recoverable power swing

20
Out of Step Relay ( 78)

22
Case : Suralaya 4 x 400 MW + 3 x 600 MW

1
1
o MVA Sc =21.807
o Slip = 0.1
XLk

X 0 k

X 2 k 0.5

X 3 k

X 4 k

X 5 k

XX11  y
0
XX12  y

XX13  y

XX14  y

XX15  y

Xm y
0.5
SVX k

SHX k

1 1
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 RLk  R0 k  R2 k  R3 k  R4 k  R5 k  RR11  y  RR12  y  RR13  y  RR14  y  RR15  y  Rm y  SVR k  SHRk 1

23
 Case : Suralaya 4 x 400 MW + 3 x 600 MW

1
1
o MVA Sc =21.807
o Slip = 1
XLk

X 0 k

X 2 k 0.5

X 3 k

X 4 k

X 5 k

XX11  y
0
XX12  y

XX13  y

XX14  y

XX15  y

Xm y
0.5
SVX k

SHX k

1 1
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 RLk  R0 k  R2 k  R3 k  R4 k  R5 k  RR11  y  RR12  y  RR13  y  RR14  y  RR15  y  Rm y  SVR k  SHRk 1

24
 Case : Suralaya 4 x 400 MW + 3 x 600 MW
1
1
o MVA Sc =21.807
XLk
o Slip = 10
X 0 k

X 2 k 0.5

X 3 k

X 4 k

X 5 k

XX11  y
0
XX12  y

XX13  y

XX14  y

XX15  y

Xm y
0.5
SVX k

SHX k

1 1
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1 RLk  R0 k  R2 k  R3 k  R4 k  R5 k  RR11  y  RR12  y  RR13  y  RR14  y  RR15  y  Rm y  SVR k  SHRk 1

25
 Case : Paiton 2 x 610 MW
2.0 2

XL
k
Impedance Locus at
X
Eg/Es=1,2
0, k

X
2, k Outside Forward reach
X of 78 G
3, k

X
4, k

X
Inside Forward reach of 78 G
5, k

X7
1, y
Impedance Locus at
X7
2, y Eg/Es=1,0
0
X7
3, y

X7 Impedance Locus Eg/Es=0,8

4, y

X7
5, y

X7
6, y Inside Reverse reach of 78 G
Xup1
y

Xup2
y
Outside forward reach of 78 G
o Paiton 5&6 + Paiton PLN
Xlo1
y

Xlo2
y
MVA Sc =11.793
2.0

o Slip = 10
2
2 0 2
2 RL , R ,R ,R ,R ,R , R7 , R7 , R7 , R7 , R7 , R7 , Rup1 , Rup2 , Rlo1 , Rlo2 2
k 0, k 2, k 3, k 4, k 5, k 1, y 2, y 3, y 4, y 5, y 6, y y y y y

26
 Case : Paiton 2 x 610 MW
2
2.0
o Paiton 5&6 + Paiton PLN
XLk

X0  k
MVA Sc =11.793
X2  k
o Slip = 1
X3  k

X4  k

X5  k

X71  y

X72  y
0
X73  y

X74  y

X75  y

X76  y

Xup1y

Xup2y

Xlo1y

Xlo2y

 2.0 2
2 0 2
 2 RLk  R0  k  R2  k  R3  k  R4  k  R5  k  R71  y  R72  y  R73  y  R74  y  R75  y  R76  y  Rup1y  Rup2y  Rlo1y  Rlo2y 2

27
Case : Relay Coordination between 78 G and 40 G at pole 10 %

2 2

XL
k

X
0,k

X
2,k Outside Forward reach
X
5,k
of 78 G
X7
1, y

X7
Inside Forward reach of 78 G
2, y

X7
3, y
Capability curve
generator
X7
4, y
0
X7
5, y Impedance Locus at
X7
6, y Eg/Es=0,8
X41
y

XC
0, x Inside Reverse reach of 78 G
Xup1
y

Xup2
y
Outside forward reach of 78 G
Xlo1
y

Xlo2
y
Reach of 40 G
2 2
2 0 2
2 RL , R ,R ,R , R7 , R7 , R7 , R7 , R7 , R7 , R41 , RC , Rup1 , Rup2 , Rlo1 , Rlo2 2
k 0, k 2, k 5, k 1, y 2, y 3, y 4, y 5, y 6, y y 0, x y y y y
28
 Start-up Transformer Protection (51N/ST)

To disconnect the auxiliary transformer from the system if a system

fault in auxiliary power plant has not been clear by the main
protection

Setting consideration :
 Current setting is responsibility of the power plant owner

 Operating time must be coordinated with back up transmission

protection system such as GFR line and GFR Inter Bus
Transformer

 Relay should have Inverse Time characteristic

 Choose 1500 ms time delay

29
GENERATOR & STEP UP TRANSFORMER
PROTECTION

51 TN

87 T

87
T UAT
50/51
UAT

UAT

51 N

87
GT
59/81 21

G
60 21 Y 87 G

40

46

32

59 GN
50/
51
Back

3
Case : 21-G Coordination

Coordination of 21-G Suralaya Steam

KONFIGURASI JARINGAN
PT. PLN (PERSERO) UBS P3B
Power
SUB SISTEM 500 kV
UNIT BIDDING DAN OPERASI SISTEM Plat and 21 Line A1
A1 A2 A3 A4 GT2.1
GT2.3
GT2.2 112,45 MW GT3.1
112,45 MW
GT3.2
112,45 MW GT3.3

112,45 MW
ST2.0
112,45 MW 188,91 MW
ST3.0
188,91 MW
175,18 175,18 175,18 175,18 112,45 MW
MW MW MW MW
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 A2
400 400 400 400 600 600 600
MW MW MW MW MW MW MW A1
II I I II
500 105 500 105 GRSIK
500 500
MVAR MVAR
II MVA MVA MVA MVA BUS A
I 500
500 MVA
100
SRLYA MVA CWANG SGLNG 100
MVAR
BUS A MVAR
BDSLN
BUS A BUS A
BKASI BUS A

BUS A
BUS B

1 2 3 4 5 6
BUS B 500
MVA A4
BUS B 2 1 BUS B I BUS B
GANNET
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 37,515 KMS
BUS B 1 2 3 4 II I
II I 500 500 105
DOVE 2 1 DOVE
II I A3 II A4 DOVE DOVE MVAR
II I GANNET
500 23,900 KMS 23,900 KMS MVA MVA
37,920 KMS 16,840 KMS DOVE 500 100
250 250 37,426 KMS
119,344 KMS MVA MVAR
MVA 105
MVA MVA I 105
DOVE MVAR
GANNET MVAR
37,920 KMS
80,352 KMS SBYBT
A1 I
A1 500
BUS A
DOVE II MVA
110,897 KMS GANNET
83,796 KMS A6 A7 100
II I II
A3 A4
130 MW 130 MW MDRCN MVAR
DOVE GANNET GANNET A2
126 MW 126 MW
A5 A8 UNGRN
111,148 KMS 12,480 KMS 12,480 KMS 126 MW 130 MW 130 MW BUS A GANNET
A1 119,167 KMS BUS A
126 MW +
DOVE
CLGON 224,294 KMS
BUS A
BUS A
BUS B

CRAT A II 6 5 4 3 2 1
DOVE
BUS A 252,400 KMS
BUS B
BUS B
1 2 3 4 500 I I II
DOVE GANNET GANNET
MVA 1 2 3 4 5 251,110 KMS 79,410 KMS 79,410 KMS
CIBNG BUS B
BUS B

2 3
1 2 3 4 5 PEDAN
4 I II
DOVE DOVE
I 25,166 KMS 25,166 KMS BUS A
I 500 II
II
500
500 MVA 500 BUS B PERUSAHAAN
MVA MVA LISTRIK SWASTA
MVA
6 5 1 2 3 4
II PITON
I 500 U5 U6 U7 U8
500 MVA U1 U2
MVA 400 MW 400 MW
A1 A1
I II
GANNET
DOVE DOVE
BUS B
130,810 KMS A1 46,757 KMS 46,757 KMS
A1 A2 1 2 3 4

I
500 Ke Kediri /
I BUS A
MVA II Klaten
II 500
500
500 MVA
MVA GT2.1 GT2.2 A2 GT1.2
MVA
GNDUL GT1.1 GT1.2 GT1.3
145 MW 145 MW 100,98 MW
KBNGN 145 MW 145 MW 145 MW
ST1.4 GT1.1 GT1.3
225 MW 100,98 MW
BUS A 100,98 MW
BUS B GT2.3 ST1.0
145 MW 185 MW
I II
500 I
500 500
MVA MVA BUS B
CBATU MVA
GRATI
MTWAR 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BUS B BUS A
BUS A Ke Kediri /
BUS B Klaten
BUS A I II PT JP PT PEC
I 1 2 3 4 5 II 500 500 50
1 2 GANNET BUS B MVA 50 MVAR
DOVE MVA
30,143 KMS 21,271 KMS MVAR

II
GANNET I
A4
KETERANGAN :
30,143 KMS DOVE
21,271 KMS BUS A
BUS B
I II
500 kV
5 4 2 1 GANNET GANNET 150 kV
1 2 3 4 5 II 2 3 4 5 6 7 88,530 KMS 88,530 KMS
I DOVE
DOVE 48,158 KMS
48,158 KMS Ubos-Ansi, rev : 17 Juli 2002

Back

7
Case : 21-G Coordination

Coordination of 21-G Drajat-2 Steam Power Plat and 21 Line

s/d GI.KSBRU
PNDLI
12 MVA s/d T.66 UPT.PWK
RDKLOK 2x25 MVA CURUG

2x
7,5 MVA
KSBRU
HRGLS UPT CRBON IDMYU
10 MVA
JTBRG
2x30 MVA

KTMKR SKMDI
60 MVA
112 MVA 100 MVA 60 MVA
Yd 5 IDBRT
HRGLS
60 MVA
KSBRU
UPT PWKTA 2x
2x30 MVA CKRNG
30 MVA
7,5 MVA
ARJWN
BKASI s/d T.A.44 2x10 MVA
(Reg.JAYA-TGR) s.d T15 30 MVA 60 MVA TEGAL s/d t.79
1x60 MVA SPFIC (Reg. Jateng)
DWUAN 1x30 MVA
2X60 mva 2x
4,5 MVA
MLIGI 7,5 MVA 10 MVAR SRAGI
2x20 MVA

SEMEN
JTLHR BNKOK 2x32 MVA
IDRMA SBANG
BDUTR
60 MVA 100 MVA
100 MVA
1x22 MVA
1x1,0 MW KDPTN

s.d T.20
KRPYG 1x25 MVA
60 MVA 6x31 MW 2x0,9 MW
2x PWKTA 1x0,65 MW
20 MVA INDCI
1x10 MVA

PRMYA CGNEA 1x20 MVA

CBBAT 2x60 MVA 10 MVAR

60 MVA 30 MVA 30 MVA 4x18 MW
Yd 5 20 MVA 1X30 MVA 30 MVA
2x7 MVA BBKAN KUNGN
CURUG 1x5 MVA

s.d K.67 T2

60 MVA
3x60 MVA UPT BDTMR RCKEK MDRCN
TLJBE ELGAN
UBRNG
s.d T.
PBRAN HVNDO
PDLRG 60 MVA 500 MVA UNGAR S.D T.75
UPT KRWNG CKPAY
2x
60 MVA
2x60 MVA (Reg. Jateng )

PRURI 3x60 MVA

s.d T.42
2x30 MVA
PNYNG 1x60 MVA

LGDAR
UBRNG
SMDNG PRKAN MDRCN
3x

2x60 MVA
CBREM 10 MVA
1 x 60 MVA
1 x 30 MVA 2x60 MVA
TGHRG 2x30 MVA
60 MVA 1x60 MVA
CKSKA

s.d TA.44
2x60 MVA
BDTMR 0,2 MVA 2x2,2 MW
2x2,4 MW
3x60 MVA

MKSRI
UPT BDBRT KRCDG
CAMIS

30 MVA 2x30 MVA

CGRLG 2x60 MVA
MLBNG

s.d T.54 2x60 MVA 16 MVA

1x60 MVA 30 MVA
2 X 60 MVA 2x31 MVA
s.d T.15 RCKBA
MNANG s/d T25

s.d T.57
2x10 MVA
MJLYA 1x20 MVA (Reg.Jateng )
S/d T.13 GDMKR-JBEKA 2x60 MVA
(Reg. JAYA-TGR) BNJAR

s.d T.24
s.d T.42
60 MVA s.d T.24 TSMYA
1x30 MVA
CBATU 2x20 MVA
WYWDU 30 MVA 31 MVA

CRATA
BGBRU s.d T.117 CKLNG BNJAR
60 MVA
(Reg.Jaya-TGR) SNTSA
2x500 MVA 2x500 MVA PNSIA 110 MW
2 x 60 MVA 2 x 30 MVA
1 x 30 MVA 1 x 60 MVA
60 MVA
30 MVA CNJUR TSMYA

MTWAR 20 MVA KMJNG

(Reg. JAYA-TGR)
CBATU CRATA ~
3x6 MW BDSLN 2x15 MVA
PNDRN
1x31 MVA 1x5 MVA
1x60 MVA 1X30 MVA
1x30 MW 1x10 MVA
1X30 MVA
LMJAN 2x55 MW 15 MVA
8x125 MW
2x500 MVA
2x105 MVAR
s.d T.28

3x10 MVA

SGLNG BDSLN DRJAS

KONFIGURASI JARINGAN 3x6 MW
PLNGN
DRJAT GARUT KETERANGAN :

NORMALLY OPEN

UPT - UPT
NORMALLY CLOSE
4x175 MW 1x30 MVA 80 MW 55 MW 1x30 MVA
1x60 MVA
2x100 MVAR
UPT TASIK
REGIONAL JAWA BARAT S/d T.61 LBSTU
SMDRA PMPEUK

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Mulai GITET SGLNG (Reg. JAYA-TGR) 10 MVA
Liop. Mrt. 2001 S/d CIBNG (Reg.JAYA -TGR)

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Frequency Operation in Java Bali System
Hz
51,50

50,20
50,00
Normal Operation 50 + 0,2 Hz
49,80 Excursion, + 0,5 Hz, brown-out
Df/dt, - 1,2 Hz/s, Load shedding 4, 6, 7 stage (1950 MW)
49,50
Df/dt, - 0,8 Hz/s, Load shedding 6, 7 stage (MW)
49,30

49,10
Df/dt, - 0,7 Hz/s, Load shedding 7 stage (850 MW)
49,00

Load shedding 1 – 6 stage, freq 49,00 - 48,50 (2550 MW)

Load shedding 7 (850 MW)

48,40
48,30
Islanding Operation, 48,30 - 48,00 Hz

48,00
Host load of generator

47,50

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