Why Load Shedding?

(1)
1. Governors sense small changes in speed
and will adjust the mechanical input, an
increase of load will cause a decrease in
speed and the prime mover’s governor will
increase the mechanical power input to
restore the speed or frequency. This
increase in mechanical power may cause
overload

Overload  Trip the overload relays

of generating unit  possible cascaded
blackouts
Before overload tripping  load shedding
of 20kV outgoing feeders
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 Why Load Shedding? (2)
2. Approaching peak:

Although the governor increase the mechanical

power input of generating units, no increase of
frequency occur, frequency stay at 49.4 Hz
(ramping rate is slower than load encrease). The
load increase is faster than the governor actions,
protracted low frequency may caused damage to
the turbine shaft or low pressure turbine blades.
 Load shedding of 20kV
outgoing feeders

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 Slow increase of frequency?
(1)

Unexpected high increase in load (ramping

rate slower than load encrease, karena itu
kesiapan jumlah unit PLTU harus sesuai
dengan load encrease):
1. Hot and humid days will cause customer’s
air conditioners act faster.
2. Special events, soccer competition in the
evening.
3. Etc.
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 Slow increase of frequency?
(2)

Low ramping rate:

1. Temperature and pressure of boiler too low
2. Priming and foaming
3. Jumlah unit PLTU tidak sesuai dengan load
encrease

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 Why Load Shedding? (3)

3. One of the large power plant

experience outage
4. The loss of a supplying inter-tie
(loss of heavy import from the
neighborhood)

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 Islanding
If the frequency restoration is not fast enough
and frequency began unstable (e.g. though to
beginning to lose synchronism) it is advisable to
end severe frequency and voltage fluctuation by
separating the system.
Beside using conventional under frequecy relays,
PLN is just using df relays, result is not yet
dt
reported.
dv
There are no reports of the use of dt relays.
The long transmission lines must be released from heavy
load first (but still avoiding Ferranti effect and effect of
negative sequence current or voltage), after that the shorter
tie lines disconnected.

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 Criteria for Islanding

Criteria:
1. Each island must consist of steam power plants with load
20%<load<100% so that the automatic control of the units operate
stably.
2. Avoid (if possible) long EHV line with light load or no load at the
receiving end: Ferranti effect will cause over voltage; Untransposed
EHV may produce negative sequence current, harmonic etc. Negative
sequence current may damage damper windings, field windings, axes or
salient poles of generators and may cause mal-function of generator
and transmission relays
3. Avoid EHV line going out of service reenergizing will have above
mentioned (see No.2) consequences.

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 Possibility of House Load

If you have a by pass

If not  load rejection will result
Relai apa yang mengerjakan load
rejection?

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 Example of Shedding Stages
See page 7 of paper.
Less than 49.6 Hz more than 49.5 Hz 3.3% of the load shed with time delay.
Less than 49.5 Hz more than 49.4 Hz an other 3.3% of the load is shed with 10 sec time
delay. Total 6.6%.
Less than 49.4 Hz more than 49.3 Hz an other 3.3% of the load shed with 10 sec time delay.
Total 9.9%
Less than 49.3 Hz more than 49.5 Hz an other 5% of the load shed with 5 sec time delay.
Total 14.9%
Less than 49.2 Hz more than 49.1 Hz an other 5% of the load shed with 5 sec time delay.
Total 19.9%
Less than 49.1 Hz more than 49.0 Hz an other 5% of the load shed with 5 sec time delay.
Total 24.9%
Continuously below 48.5 Hz for 2 second islanding will be necessary for avoiding the
collapsed of generating facilities or in a further worse condition keeping some generating
units still in operation so that black start of collapsed generating units can be done in a
faster way.

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 Restoration

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 Steam Electric Station Load
Data page 165

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 Frequency characteristic page 163

Frequency down to 98.3%!

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 Voltage Characteristic page 163

Voltage down to 80%!

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 Current Characteristic

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 Station Service
3. Step up 4. Power Plant Bus
1. Prime
trafo
mover
2. Generator
10. EHV Trans
5. 500kV
Isolated
6. Running bus
Station Service
trafo

6 kV 14. Transmission SS with

7. Station Interbus trafo 500/150 Kv
Service
150kV
6333.5 kW boiler feed pump

9. Starting Station Service transfomer for

8. Black remote cranking power
start
Generation
6 kV
Running station
service
Paralel Operation
Fascilities with Other
Generating units.

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Short circuit MVA information for direct
on line starting of large induction
machines

With alternative source of power:

1. Remote cranking with alternative outside source
(Suralaya SPP from Saguling HPP, Muarakarang SPP or
Cilegon (non PLN)
2. Black start facilities
3. Running station service (usually this has the largest short
circuit MVA)

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 Induction motor DOL starting failures

Excessive voltage drop  slow

acceleration  protracted high
starting current  tripping of the
overload protection

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 Many existing extra high voltage (EHV) lines
are untransposed with asymmetry
configuration
1. NSC Negative Sequence Current
2. Under light load condition and
during restoration, NSC has caused
cascade tripping of a number of
generators resulting in an area wide
blackouts
3. Has prevented synchronization of
incoming generators

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NSC continued (1)

4. Blocked remote cranking of thermal units

5. May be excessive which may damage the
rotating machineries, see:

a. GEC Measurement – “Protective Relays Application Guide” The General

Electric Company, p.l.c. of England 1987 page 311, 312 and page 313
about negative sequence current limit of generators and the relaying
systems for protecting them. With these relays generation people don’t need
to worry on damage of generators caused by negative sequence current.
b. Page 181 “Damper windings” Westinghouse – “Transmission and
Distribution Reference Book”, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1950.

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NSC Continued (2)

In order to alleviate the effect of NSC and NSV, it is

recommended that energization of EHV lines be deferred
to after the initial phase of restoration, or to adequate
underlying load be determined and connected to the
receiving end of line before energizing the EHV line.

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 Relays which could effect the restoration
duration:
1. Distance Relays/Reclosing Schemes
2. Out-Of-Step Relays
3. Synchrocheck Relays
4. Negative Sequence Voltage Relays
5. Differential Relays Lacking Harmonic Restraint
6. Volts/Hertz Relays
7. Under-Excitation Relays
8. Generator Excitation Systems (Load Shedding Scheme it
self!!)
9. Low Frequency Isolation Scheme
10. Under-frequency
1 Jan 2003
and Switched-capacitor Relays
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 Restoration Stages

Condition A. No long transmission line is out of service, only some

customers experience interruption caused by the shedding.
Condition B. Some islanding happened but no long transmission
line is out of service
Condition C. Some islanding happened some long transmission is
out of service
Condition D. Total black out no generating units is still in
operation.

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 Restoration for condition A

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 Restoration for condition B

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 Restoration for condition C

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 Restoration for condition D

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 Other Restoration Problems

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 Following Paper

1. Restoration experience of The Java-Bali Load

Dispach by PLN P3B
2. Cranking experience of SPP Suralaya after a
total black out by PLN Suralaya SPP
3. Restoration Experience of Saguling HPP
suplying cranking power to Suralaya by PLN
Saguling HPP
4. Restoration Experience of Muarakarang SPP
suplying cranking power to Suralaya by PLN
Muarakarang Power Plant

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 Congclusion and recomendation

Thank You

1 Jan 2003 Sambodho "Load Shedding and Restoration" 30