“ Rabies ”

DR. RONA P. BERNALES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RFU-5
REGULATORY DIVISION
PILI CAMARINES SUR
 RABIES

• a fatal disease affecting the

nervous system, caused by
lyssa virus and remain a
public health problem in the
country.
History:
Rabies – derived from sanskrit word
“rabhas” means “to do violence”

•Rabies was first described on 23 rd

century BC in the Eshuma code of Babylon
•In 19th century, canine & street rabies
was a scourge everywhere.
•In 1885, Louise Pasteur revolutionalized
the fight against rabies.
•In the Philippines, rabies was first
recorded in late 1800s when Anacleto del
Rosario diagnosed the disease.
 Structure of Rabies Virus
 Bullet Shaped.
 Enveloped Virus.
 Measures 75 nm x 180 nm.
 Numerous spikes present on the
envelope, these are made up
of glycoprotein.
 Glycoprotein necessary for viral
attachment & also induce
protective antibodies.
 Rabies Virus Structure:

5 Structural proteins
•Glyco-protein
•Matrix protein The virus is sensitive to:
•Nucleoprotein
•Virion transcriptase 1. Heating/Boiling
•Nucleocapsid asso. protein
2. Drying
(NS protein) 3. UV and x-ray
4. Sunlight
5. Trypsin
6. b-propiolactone
7. Ether
8. Detergents
 MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
• Rabies is transmitted among animals and
from animals to man through excretion of
rabies virus via saliva and penetration of
infected saliva into broken skin or mucosa.
• If saliva or CNS tissue from a rabid animal
contacts a fresh wound or mucous
membrane lining (eyes, nose, mouth,
genitalia)
 MODE OF
TRANSMISSION
• Aerosol transmission like in caves &
laboratories.
• Transplacentally (before birth)
• Transmammary (the mothers milk)
• From eating a dead rabid animal
• In majority of dogs, virus excretion begins
at the earliest 2-7 days shortly before or
after the appearance of the clinical signs or
symptoms of rabies.
Principal Animal Vector of Rabies
o Asia (Philippines), most parts of Africa and Latin Ame
rica
o Mainly dogs (>98)
o Cats (1.3%)
o Europe and the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions
o wildlife i.e. fox
o North America
o wild animals i.e.. skunks, raccoons, coyotes, insectivoro
us bats
o Africa
o Dogs, mongoose, jackal, foxes
o Western Asia
o wolf
o Latin America
o Dogs, vampire bats
Weekly Epidemiological Record, No. 14, 5 April 2002
Incubation Period
• This is the time interval
between exposure to
the virus and the onset
of the first clinical sign
of the disease.
• Factors affecting the
length of incubation
period:
• Viral strain
• Dose of virus
• Site of virus inoculation
• Age of the animal
 Incubation Period
• Spread of the virus in the CNS is 48 to 120
hours.
• Range of Incubation period by species:
• Dogs/Cats - 3-8 weeks
• Cattle - 2-12 weeks
• Horses - 3-8 weeks
• Ferrets - 3-10 weeks
• Skunks - 5-20 weeks
• Humans - 3-8 weeks(9 days-7
yrs)
Major Stages of Rabies

• Prodromal Stage
• May last 2-3 days
• Subtle temperament
changes
• Mild fever
• Self mutilation at bite site
• Slow blink reflexes
Major Stages of Rabies
• Furious Stage
• Animals increasingly restless
& irritable
• Visual & auditory stimuli may
trigger episodes of agression
& vocalizing
• May roam long distance
• Attack inanimate objects &
eat odd substances
• Later muscular
incoordination,disorientation,
generalized seizures
Major Stages of Rabies
• Paralytic Stage
• Appears 2-4 days after onset of
clinical signs
• Laryngeal/pharyngeal paralysis
leads to drooling, changes in
vocalization & difficulty eating,
drinking & breathing
• Final stage include coma &
respiratory paralysis leading to
death
• Survival time was 7 days (average
duration is 3-5 days.
 Rabies in Environment
• Highly thermolabile and resistant to cold
• Half life is 4 hrs at 40 C and 35 seconds at 60C
• In brain tissue can survive up to1-2 weeks at
room temp
• Can live for years if frozen at -70 C.
• Cannot withstand ph less than 4and more than 10
• Cannot live long in putrefied envt & survives in a
body less than 24 hours after death.
• No longer active in dried saliva & killed by bleach,
ethyl alc,detergent & quaternary NH4 cpd.
Diagnosis: Animal
Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT)
rapid and sensitive
Impression smears of the hippocampus and
brain stem are treated with fluorescent in
isothiacyanate-labeled anti-rabies globulin
examined under fluorescent microscope
Result may be obtained within 24 hours
Management of Animal that
Bite Human
 Healthy dogs and cats that bite a person
should be confined and observed for 14
days.
 Any illness in the animal should be
reported immediately.
 If signs suggestive of rabies develop,
animal should be euthanized, its head
should be cut off and placed in sealed
styrofoam under refrigeration for
examination.
 Any stray dogs and cats that bite human
may be euthanized immediately and head
submitted for rabies examination
Control: Animal

•Animal Vaccination
•Vaccine types
-Modified live vaccine
-Inactivated/Killed vaccine
-Recombinant vaccine

•Recommended vaccination
-3 months old up

•Frequency of revaccination or
booster is every year
Dog Bite Prevention
General guidelines on how to avoid dog bites?
• Never approach an unfamiliar dog.
• Never run from or scream at a dog.
• Be "still like a tree" when an unfamiliar dog comes up to
you.
• If a dog knocks you over, roll into a ball and stay still.
• Never play with a dog unless supervised by an adult.
• Tell an adult if you see a stray dog or a dog acting
strangely.
• Don't look a dog right in the eye.
• Don't disturb a dog that is sleeping, eating or caring for
puppies.
• Don't play with a dog without allowing it to see and sniff you
first.
• If a dog bites you, tell an adult right away.
 RA No. 9482

• “AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE

CONTROL AND ELIMINATION OF
HUMAN AND ANIMAL RABIES,
PRESCRIBING PENALTIES FOR
VIOLATION THEREOF AND
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR”
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:
OUTLINE
Sec. 1 – Title
Sec. 2 – Declaration of Policy
Sec. 3 – Definition of Terms (17 Terms)
Sec. 4 – National Rabies Prevention and Control Program (NRPCP)
Sec. 5 – Responsibilities of Pet Owners
Sec. 6 – Responsibilities of Government Agencies (DA, DOH, DepEd)
Sec. 7 – Responsibilities of LGUs
Sec. 8 – Assistance of NGOs & Academe
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:
OUTLINE
Sec. 9 – Impounding, Field Control &
Disposition of Unregistered,
Stray & Unvaccinated Dogs
Sec. 10 – Dog Population Control
Sec. 11 – Penalties
Sec. 12 – Implementing Rules & Regulations
(IRR)
Sec. 13 – Appropriations.
Sec. 14 – Separability Clause.
Sec. 15 – Effectivity.
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:
• SECTION 1 - Title

“Anti-Rabies Act of 2007”

 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 2 - Declaration of Policy

Policy of the State – protect and
promote the right to health of the people.
• System for control, prevention and eradication of human and animal rabies.
• Establish Responsible Pet Ownership
 National Rabies Prevention
and Control Program
Department of Agriculture Department of
Interior and
Local Government
Department of Health
Department of Education

Local Government Units

Non-Governmental Organizations
Department of
Environment and
Natural Resources People’s Organizations
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 4 : National Rabies Prevention and Control Program

Activities:
1. Mass Vaccination
2. Central Database – registered and vaccinated dogs.
3. Impounding & Field Control of unregistered, stray and unvaccinated dogs
4. Information & Educational Campaign (IEC)
5. Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis & Post-Exposure Treatment
6. Free P.E.P. to 5-14 years old
7. Encourage Responsible Pet Ownership
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 5 - Responsibilities of Pet Owners

a. Regular vaccination & maintain registration card
b. Submit dogs for mandatory registration
c. Control over dogs
d. Responsible Owner
e. Report dog bite within 24 hours
f. Assist & shoulder expenses in dog bite
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 6 - Responsibilities of Government Agencies

A. Department of Agriculture
1. Improve/Upgrade Animal Rabies Diagnostic Laboratories
2. Supply of Rabies Vaccine
3. Free Mass Vaccination
4. Rabies Surveillance System
5. Establish & Maintain Rabies Free Zone
6. Facilitate – Approval & Sale – Human Barbiturates
& veterinary Euthanasia Drugs
7. IEC
8. Research
9. Formulate Standards & Monitor
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 6 – Responsibilities of Government Agencies

B. Department of Health
1. Ensure supply human anti – rabies vaccine
2. Provide P.E.T. at minimum expense
3. Provide free P.E.P. to high risk personnel
4. Health Education
5. Surveillance System
6. Collaborative Activities
7. Immediate Approval of Veterinary and Human Barbiturates and Veterinary Euthanasia Drugs
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 6 – RESPONSIBILITIES OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

C. Department of Education
1. Education Program
2. Assist in Mass Vaccination
3. Collaborative Activities
4. Integrate RPO in Elementary & High School Subjects
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 7 - Responsibilities of Local Government Units

1. Dogs – immunized, registered, dog tag
2. Impounding & Field Control
3. Leashed or confined within premises
4. Allocate funds to augment NRPCP
5. Ensure enforcement of Sec. 6 – R.A. 8485
6. Enact additional Ordinances – regulate Tandok
7. Prohibit trade of dogs for meat
8. Establish and maintain Dog Pound
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 7 – Responsibilities of the Local Government Units

9. Prohibit the use of electrocution as a Euthanasia Procedure
10. Appoint a Veterinarian in Provinces, Cities & 1st Class Municipalities
11. Require Pet Shops to post information on
Rabies & RPO
12. Collect fines to be used for NRPCP

The DILG shall ensure compliance of LGU’s

 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 8 - Assistance of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and the Academe

1. Community mobilization.
2. Health education/information dissemination
3. Mass anti-rabies campaign.
4. Promotion of anti-rabies campaign during pet or any animal shows.
5. Surveillance/Reporting
6. Other Activities – prevention and eradication
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 9 - Impounding, Field Control and Disposition of Unregistered, Stray and Unvaccinated Dogs.
1. Impounded and kept in LGUs’ Pound
2. 3-day keeping; Adoption; Disposed according to R.A. 8485
3. Redemption Fee
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 10 - Dog Population Control

1. Educational & promotional campaign by DA, DOH, DILG, DepEd, LGUs, NGOs, POs on RPO option of
spaying & neutering.
2. Incentive System by LGUs thru subsidize or discounted registration fees.
3. Impounded 3x, neutered
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 11 - Penalties
1. P2,000.00 – failure to register & vaccinate.
2. P10,000.00 – refusal – observation of biting animal
3. P25,000.00 – refusal –observation & shoulder medical
expenses.
4. P500.00 – non-leashing outside
5. P500.00 to P1,000.00 – Redemption Fee
6. Owner to pay vaccination of dog & victim
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 11 - Penalties.
7. Dog Meat Trade – P5,000.00/dog & 1-4 years
imprisonment
8. Electrocution as Euthanasia not less than
P5,000.00 & 1-4 years imprisonment
9. Alien deported after serving sentence.
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 12 - Implementing Rules and Regulations

DA, in coordination with DOH, DILG, DepEd, DENR,
NGOs & POs shall issue IRR in 60 days from effectivity
 ANTI-RABIES ACT OF 2007:

SECTION 13 - Appropriations
P100,000,000.00 charged against appropriations of DOH,
DA, DILG & DepEd under GAA; Annual GAA thereafter
LGU – from IRA & local funds
 How Old is Your Dog?
• Dog • Human
–8 months –13 years
–1 year –16 years
–2 years –21 years
–4 years –31 years
–6 years –41 years
–8 years –51 years
–10 years –61 years
–12 years –71 years
Thank you