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RABIES
Primarily a Zoonotic disease of warm
blooded animal
such as :-
Dogs,
wild cats,
Jackals,
wolves etc.
It is caused by the Neurotropic RNA virus belongs to
Rhabdoviridae type I (LYSSAVIRUS type I) is Bullet
shaped virus Highly fatal viral dis: of CNS
Causative Agent

(LYSSAVIRUS type I)
Rhabdoviridae type I
 RESERVOIR OF INFECTION
1) URBAN RABIES:
From Dogs and
cats.

2) WILD LIFE RABIES:

From jackals and
foxes.

3) BAT RABIES:
Vampire bats
 Mode of Transmission
1. ANIMAL BITES
2. LICKS
3. AEROSOL
4. PERSON TO PERSON
 Susceptibility
Age: 1-24 ys: victims
All warm blooded animals including man

Sex: Mainly males

Immunity: lasts for 6 months

Environmental Factors: Any season / in Winter

 Communicability
Rabid animal is infectious to others during
last 3-5 days of IP & also during entire
period of illness.
Which is about 8 -10 days
Thus the total period of infectivity is about
12 -15 days.
 INCUBATION PERIOD:

normally it is 3 - 8 wks

may be short that is 4 days

or may be prolonged for years.

 CLINICAL PICTURE
1. Prodromal symptoms
low fever ,Headache, malaise, sore throat, pain at
the site of bite

2. Excitation Symptoms
sensory sys: involvement
Aero phobia, excitation of N.S.
Motor sys: inv:
increase reflexes, muscle spasm,
Symp:inv: dilatation of Pupils, Lacrimation, salivation, &
increase perspiration.
Mental changes: fear of death, anger, irritability and depression
Hydrophobia (water may produce spasm of deglutition)
Paralysis ------ Coma ------------------ Recovery -------------- Death
 DIAGNOSIS
1. History
2. Sign and symptom
3. Examination
4. Detection of Antigen by taking Skin
Biopsy using Immunofluorescence
5. by virus isolation from Saliva &
other secretions.
 Control Measures
Notification
Isolation
Disinfection
Immunization
 Prevention of human rabies
post Exposure prophylaxis
1. General consideration:- Aim is to neutralize virus before entering CNS
2. LOCAL WOUND TREATMENT

a, Cleansing of wound(soap & water)

b, Chemical treatment: (Either Alcohol 400-700 ml /liter,Tinct: Iodine)
c, No Suturing
d, Anti Rabies Serum
e, Antibiotic and ATS
f, Observe the animal for 10 days
3, Immunization (Killed Vaccines)
1,NERVOUS TISSUE VACCINE (NTV ,14 D S/c) From brain of sheep, suckling mouse, Duck embryo
2, Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV, 0,3,7,14,28, B 90D) Human (HDVC) Non Human (2nd Generation)
Passive Immunization:
Horse Ant rabies serum
Human Rabies Ig (HRIg)
 General measures
Regist:, licensing & taxation of dog.
Muzzling of dogs
Yearly mass vaccination of dog
Destruction of stray dogs
Facilities for diagnosis of rabies in dogs
Destruction of wildlife where the animals
are known to be the reservoir of infection.
Publicity
 Classification Of Exposures
1. Class I (slight Risk) 07 injection
a. Licks on healthy unbroken skin.
b. Scratches without oozing of blood.
2. Class II (Moderate Risk) according to the Schedule plus one
booster dose after 3 week
a. Licks on fresh cuts.
b. Scratches with oozing of blood.
c. All bites except those on head, neck, face, palms and fingers.
d. Minor wounds less than 5 in number.
3. Class III (Severe Risk) according to the Schedule plus Two
booster dose one after one week and another 2 week
a. all bites or scratches with oozing of blood on neck, head,
face, palms and fingers.
b. Lacerated wounds on any part of the body.
c. Multiple wounds 5 or more in number.
d. Bites from wild animals.
 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
It is done in persons who have high risk of
repeated exposures.
Animal Handlers
Wildlife officers
Veterinarians
Lab: staff working with rabies virus
Protected by:- Cell-culture vaccine 1ml I/M
OR 0.1ml I/D ( 0,7& 28day)
Post-exposure R/ of persons
(who have been vaccinated previously)
HDC vaccine (1ml I/M 0,3 & 7 day 0
 Rabies in Dogs
Incubation period: 3-8 wks.
Clinical features: Rabies in dogs may manifest
itself in two forms.
a. Furious Rabies. (Mad dog syndrome)
This the typical mad-dog syndrome characterized by.
i. change in behavior.
ii. Tendency to run away from home, wander aimlessly
and biting humans and animals.
iii. Change in voice due to paralisis of laryngeal muscles.
iv. Excessive salivation & foaming at the angle of the
mouth.
v. Paralysis of the whole body leading to coma & death.
b. Dumb Rabies.(Paralytic Rabies)
i. The excitative or irritative stage is
lacking.
ii. The disease is predominantly paralytic.
iii. Dog withdraws itself from being seen or
disturbed.
iv. It elapses into a stage of sleepiness and
dies in about 3 days.
 FREE RABIES ZONE:

Australia,
China,
Iceland,
Ireland,
Japan,
New Zealand etc
 Types of Rabies virus
STREET VIRUS FIXED VIRUS
Definition: the virus Definition: the virus
recovered from which has a short, fixed
naturally occurring and reproducible
cases of rabies is called incubation period is
street virus called fixed virus

Sources: it is naturally Sources: it is prepared

occurring virus. It is by repeated culture in
found in saliva of brain of rabbit such that
infected animal. its I.P. is reduced &
(continue) fixed
 STREET.V FIXED.V
Features Features
1. It produces Negri 1. It does not form Negri
bodies bodies
2. Incubation period is 2. Incubation period is
long i.e. 20 to 60 constant between 4-6
days days
3. It is pathogenic for all 3. It can pathogenic for
mammals humans under certain
conditions
4. Cannot be used for 4. Is used for preparation of
preparation of ant rabies vaccine
vaccine
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