VIRAL DISEASES

Foot and mouth disease ‘FMD’

‘Aphthous fever’ ‫الحمي القالعـــيـــــة‬
Definition
 FMD is an acute viral, febrile and
extremely contagious disease caused
by enterovirus and affecting the
cloven-footed animals such as cattle,
sheep, goats, pigs.
It is introduced to egypt through
 Imported frozen meat

 a wind borne infection across the

channel from Europe.

 Birds
Foot and mouth is a
notifiable disease.
Symptoms
1. Fever during the incubation period (2-14

days)

2. loss of appetite

3. Vesicle vary in size appear in the mouth, on

the tongue, cheeks, gums and dental pad

4. Excessive salivation
5. When the vesicles rupture they leave red
shallow ulcers with ragged edges
6. The foot lesions are generally between the
claws
7. In more chronic cases in cattle the hoof
becomes loose and the animal may walk
with a characteristic “clicking” sound
(slippering).
8. Female…. on the teats and skin of the udder

9. In pigs the snout is often the site of lesions “

muzzle, nostrils, inside the vagina and on the
skin of the body is rare”
10. In sheep, acute lameness of sudden

onset, usually of all feet, is characteristic.

N.B:- Some strains of FMD, particularly in

swine, sheep and goats, cause erosions

instead of vesicles.
Postmortem picture

1. Ulcerative lesions on tongue, palate,

gums, pillars of the rumen and feet.

2. Necrosis of heart muscle (tiger heart),

only in young.

3. Very young calves may die from enteritis

without showing any other evidence
 Judgment
• In Egypt

Fever T
Recovered • Condemnation of head, feet,
udder & digestive tract
• Keep carcass in detention room
for 24 hours.
• Boning out.
International code
• The diseased and contact
animals totally condemned
In free areas and not to be admitted to
slaughter.

• Diseased animals → total

condemnation
In endemic • Contacts → immediately
slaughtered or vaccinated
areas and slaughtered 3 months
later and distributed in
limited area (L).
 Rinderpest (Cattle plague)
‫الطاعون البقرى‬
Definition
 Acute , febrile, infectious, notifiable viral
disease of cattle, sheep, goats and pigs caused
by myxovirus.

 characterized by inflammatory necrotic

changes of the mucous membranes of the
alimentary tract.
Symptoms
1. Fever

2. Inflammatory necrotic changes of the mucous

membranes of the alimentary tract.

3. loss of appetite

4. Bloody diarrhea.

5. The inside of the nostrils may redden and ulcerate

6. dullness and shivering

7. Mortality up to 90 %.
 Rinderpest is a
notifiable disease.
 Judgment:
In Egypt : Total condemnation of the carcass.
(not communicable to man)
International decision :
1. Free area Total condemnation(T).
2. Endemic area :
a) Carcass : Kh & L
b) Viscera : D
 Rabies(hydrophobia)
‘Lyssa’‫السعار‬
Definition

 Acute , fatal , infectious viral disease

affect all mammals including man caused

by Rhabodovirus.

 Notifiable & Occupational disease

Pathogenesis
• Man and food animals get infection when
bitten by rabid animals .

• From the entry wound , the virus is conveyed

via nerves to CNS.

• The time elapsing between infection and

onset of symptoms varies according to
severity of bite, and the quantity of virus in
the saliva.
Incubation period

The average incubation periods in dogs,

sheep and swine are from 15 to 60 days, in

horse and cattle from 30-80 days.

 Symptoms
Forms of the disease :
1. Furious (excitement).
2. Dumb (quite).
 P/M finding
No diagnostic lesions.
 Histopathological examination of brain
show typical inclusion bodies (Negri
bodies)
Judgment
Carcasses from animals that showed
symptoms of the disease should be totally
condemned.

Carcasses from animals slaughtered within

the first 3 days of attack or after 6 months
pass if in good condition, after condemnation
of site of bite, CNS (brain & spinal cord)
,salivary gland and udder.
Judgment

Slaughtered animals after 3 days of infection

or before the elapse of 6 months---------- T

 Special precaution is taken to prevent

occupational hazards.
 RIFT VALLEY FEVER (RVF)
‫حمٌ الوادً المتصدع‬
Definition :-
 An acute, occupational , infectious,
mosquito borne viral disease of
ruminant (sheep , goats , cattle ,
buffaloes , camel) and man caused by
Arbovirus.
Symptoms
1. Fever, salivation, nasal discharge &
about 10-30% mortality among adult
animals.

2. Storm of abortion (80-100%)

3. Drop in milk production

4. Deaths of young (70-90% mortality in

suckling lambs).
5. Diarrhea, gastroenteritis.

6. Focal necrosis of the liver (yellowish).

7. Petechial hemorrhage on heart and

alimentary tract.

8. Lymphadenitis in gut lymph nodes.

9. Spleenomegaly.
Judgment
 Clinically affected cases should be

totally condemned “T”.

 Recovered cases with good condition

may passed for human consumption

after condemnation of affected parts.

 Lupmy skin disease
ٌ‫الجلد العقدً الفيروس‬
Definition :-
 Highly infectious disease of cattle
characterized by the appearance of nodules
on the skin and sometimes on other parts of
the body, nasal cavities, pharynx, conjunctiva,
bronchi , trachea and stomach.
 The condition occurs in the two main forms a
mild one due to a Herpes virus “ pseudo LSD”
and a severe form caused by Pox virus “ True
LSD”.
Symptoms
1. Firm painful nodules (1-5 cm) develop
on skin.
2. Fever 40-41.5°C, lasting up to 2 weeks.
3. Depression, salivation, emaciation and
ocular and nasal discharge.
4. Edema of brisket and legs with
lameness.
5. Sever enlargement of lymph nodes
draining infected skin (4-10 times).
 Judgment
 Carcass of an animal showing mild
cutaneous lesions and no fever
→ The affected parts of the carcass
are condemned
→ carcass…. conditionally approved
by heat treatment (Kh)

 Ante mortem examination, generalized

acute infection accompanied with fever
→T
Swine influenza ‘Swine Flu, Pig flu’
‫انفلوانزا الخنازير‬
Definition :-
 Acute, highly contagious, respiratory disease

of pigs, characterized by fever, respiratory

distress, coughing, pneumonia and loss of

condition.
 Swine flu is the popular name for influenza (flu)
caused by a relatively new strain of Influenza
virus A. It was responssible for the flu pandemic
2009-2010.

 The virus was first identified in Mexico in April

2009 and was also known as Mexican flu.

 It became known as swine flu because the virus

closely resembled known influenza viruses that
cause seasonal influenza in pigs.
 It spread rapidly from country to country
because it was a new type of flu that few
peaple were immune to it.

Seasonal flu viruses of pig is virus B and virus

A (H3N2).

New swine flu (H1N1) are similar to those of

B and H3N2 and the main reservoir is aquatic
birds
 In 1984 (appear new strain of virus carry
characters of both avian and swine virus
(double reassortant) in Italy.

 Sporadic infection of human appear in 1989

 Since 1998 the double (human/swine) and

triple (avian/ human/ swine) reassortant
swine influanza viruses have emereged in the
united States and Canda

 Reassortant of virus take long time to occur

Clinical signs in pigs:-
Acute upper respiratory disease
including:-
• fever
• sneezing
• eye inflammation
• anorexia
• discharge from nose
• coughing and laboured breathing.
• abortion
 Most affected pigs will recover within five to
seven days in the absence of complications.

 Severe bronchopneumonia may develop as

a secondary complication, and is a high risk
factor for mortality (1–4%).

 Other complications may include secondary

bacterial or viral infections.
P/M lesions
1. Dark red to purple areas in the apical and
cardiac lobes of the lung. The rest of the lung
tissue is pale and emphysematous and may
show petechial hemorrhage
2. Marked congestion of respiratory tract with
exudates in the bronchi
3. Head and lung lymph nodes are edematous
and enlarged.
4. Pulmonary edema and pleurisy may be
evident
Judgment

 Swine influenza is a notifiable viral

disease.
 The carcass approved if in a good
condition after D
 Consumption of the pork meat properly
cooked at 70°C is quit safe.
 Blue tongue
‫اللسان األزرق‬
Definition :-
It is an infective disease of sheep, cattle,
goats and wild ruminants characterized
by stomatitis, rhinitis, pneumonia,
enteritis and laminitis.
 It does not affect horses or pigs.
 Sheep are most severely affected
 Cattle are the main mammalian
reservoir of the virus
 Spread by certain types of biting
culicoides and mosquitoes.
 Bluetongue does not affect humans.
Clinical signs in sheep
1. Eye and nasal discharges
2. Drooling as a result of ulcerations in the
mouth
3. High body temperature
4. Swelling of the mouth, head and neck
5. Lameness
6. Hemorrhages into or under the skin
7. Inflammation at the junction of the skin and
the horn of the foot – the coronary band
8. Respiratory problems – difficulty with
breathing and nasal discharge.
Deaths of sheep in a flock may reach as high

as 70%. Animals that survive the disease can

lose condition with a reduction in meat and

wool production
Judgment :

 Acute cases with wide spread lesions

and carcass showing emaciation……… T

 Less seriously affected carcasses can

pass if in good condition

 Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy (BSE)
ٌ‫جنون البقر= اعتالل المخ األسفنج‬
Definition
 BSE is a progressive and fatal disease of adult
cattle caused by Prion and characterized by
a progressive degeneration of the central
nervous system causing neurological signs in
animals
Transmission

• The ingestion of protein feed

supplements prepared from sheep meat

or sheep by products contaminated with

scrapie.
Clinical Signs of BSE in Cattle
The incubation period ranges from 2 to 8 years,
followed by the onset of clinical signs:-
1. Nervousness or aggression.
2. Abnormal posture.
3. In coordination and difficulty in standing.
4. Decreased milk production.
5. The animal’s condition deteriorates until it dies or
is destroyed. This usually takes from 2 weeks to 6
months from onset of symptoms.
BSE infective agents can be detected

in the brain, spinal cord, retina, tonsils,

spleen and intestines {Specific bovine

offal (SBO)}
 There is no evidence that BSE spreads

horizontally, i.e., by contact between

unrelated adult cattle or from cattle to

other species. Some evidence suggests

that maternal transmission may occur at

an extremely low level.

 P/M lesions
Diagnosis can be confirmed only on the
postmortem histological examination of
brain tissue.
 Microscopically:-
• Microscopic lesions include degenerative
lesions in the cerebral cortex, medulla and
central grey matter of the midbrain.
Judgment
 It is a notifiable disease if you just suspect
ante-mortem.

 Total condemnation of the carcass and its

offal.

 All regulations of WHO and FAO should be

adopted including good hygienic practices
‘GHPs
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalophathies
(TSE)
Group of disease with nervous manifestation ,
caused by prion and includes :
 BSE→ in cattle
 Scrabie → in sheep
 CJD ‘Creutzfeld-jakob disease’ → in man
 Kuru → in man
 TME ‘Transmissible mink encephalopathy’
→ in mink
 FSE “ Feline spongiform encephalopathy
“→ in feline