BIOLOGY

LESSON
FORM 4

Welcome form 4 to today’s lesson.

 9.5 Lymph and tissue fluid
 Plasma leaks out of capillary walls.
 Red blood cells are too big to leak out of the capillary. The white blood cells
squeeze out. The plasma and white blood cells that are continually leaking out
forms the tissue fluid. It surrounds all the cells in the body.

 Functions of tissue fluid

 Tissue fluid supply oxygen and nutrients to the cells. Waste products, like carbon
dioxide diffuse in the opposite direction.
 The tissue fluid is the immediate constant environment of the cell. It keeps its
temperature and osmotic concentration constant.
 Homeostasis is the process by which organs keep the composition and temperature
of the blood constant with the tissue fluid as well.
 Lymph
 Lymphatic capillaries are found in the tissues and blood capillaries.
 They help to return the plasma and white blood cells that leak out of
 the capillaries back to the blood. The tissue fluid that enters the
 lymphatic capillaries are called lymph.
 Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels. They carry
 lymph to the subclavian veins that bring blood from the arms.
 Lymphatic system has no pump and no valves. It flows more slowly
 than blood. The contraction of muscles force the lymph to move
 along the vessels.
 Lymph nodes
 The lymph flows through lymph nodes on its way to the
 subclavian vein.
 New white blood cells are produced inside the lymph nodes.
 Most bacteria or toxins in the lymph are destroyed by these cells.
End-of-chapter
 1.