CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS COMPRISED OF:

Blood, this fluid transports vital

substances to all areas of the body.

Blood is transported in vessels known

as arteries, veins and capillaries.

The heart acts as a pump to move the

blood around the body.
THE
FUNCTIONS OF
BLOOD
 • Transportatio
Blood
has four n
main • Defence
function • Regulation
s:
• Clotting
 Red blood cells carry Carbon dioxide is
oxygen to the cells of carried back to the
the body. lungs.

Nutrients such as
Hormones are
glucose, vitamins and
TRANSPORTATION secreted into the
blood and attach to
minerals are
transported around
the plasma so
the body.

All waste materials

that they can be
such as urea are
transported around
carried in the blood
the body to their
to be removed and
target organs.
excreted.
 The white blood cells fight against
disease and microbe entry.

DEFENCE The white blood cells engulf the bacteria

and destroy them.

Lymphocytes (specialised white blood

cells) produce antibodies which give the
body future resistance to re-infection.
 The blood regulates body heat by absorbing it from the liver and
muscles as it passes by, and then transports it around the body.

REGULATIO
N
 Platelets will clot a damaged area
where blood loss has occurred.
CLOTTIN
G
Clotting prevents excess blood loss
and protects against microbe entry.
COMPOSITION
OF BLOOD
 Structure
Plasma (55%) a 90% water and other substances such as - blood proteins,
straw coloured mineral salts, food substances, waste material, gases,
fluid enzymes, hormones, and antibodies make up the
remaining 10%.
Erythrocytes (red These are minute biconcave discs that obtain their red
blood cells) colour from haemoglobin combining with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin. These cells are made in the red bone
marrow and take approximately 7 days to form; they then
function for approximately 4 months until they are
destroyed by the liver or spleen.
Leucocytes (white Are colourless cells, contain a nucleus, and are larger than
blood cells) red blood cells. There are less white cells than red, with
their ratio being approximately 1 to every 600 red cells.
Thrombocytes Platelets are formed in the red bone marrow and are tiny
(platelets) fragments that are even smaller than red blood cells.
Function
Renews the cellular fluid, maintains the
pH of the blood at 7.4, makes the blood
viscous, provides energy to the cells,
produces chemical reactions and
protects against infection.
The function of red blood cells is to
carry oxygen around the body to the
cells and take carbon dioxide away
from the cells.
Their main function is to fight
infection and protect the body against
viruses, toxins and bacteria. There are 3
different types of white cells:
 Granulocytes (75%)
 Lymphocytes (23%)
 Monocytes (2%)
Their role is to assist in the blood
clotting process by producing a
substance called thrombokinase. This
sets off a chain of reactions resulting in
the laying of fibres, which cover the
wound, preventing blood loss.
BLOOD
VESSELS
 Blood vessels are tubular in shape and their function is to form a
network to transport the blood around the body, there are three
types of vessels:
• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries

BLOOD
VESSELS
 ARTERIES

• Carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
• Carry oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery
• Blood travels at a higher pressure
• The arteries eventually form into
• smaller vessels called arterioles
• Contain no valves
• Tend to lie deeper in the body
• Have thicker muscular walls
 VEINS

• Carry blood to the heart from the body

• Carry deoxygenated blood except the pulmonary vein
• Blood travels at a lower pressure
• The veins eventually form into
• smaller vessels called venules
• Veins are situated in between
• muscles & contain valves to prevent the blood flowing backwards
• Lie more superficially in the body
• Have thinner muscular walls
 CAPILLARIES

• Narrow blood vessels which have very thin

walls, just one cell thick
• Substances can pass through
• Exchange oxygen and nutrients for carbon
dioxide and wastes within all cells and
tissues
• Forms the link between arterioles and
venules
 When the ventricles of the heart contract, oxygenated blood is forced
out of the heart from the left side, and on its journey around the body
in vessels called arteries.

The oxygenated blood travels at a faster pace and under higher

pressure due to the force of the heart pumping it around the body.

JOURNEY
OF THE Eventually the blood will pass into smaller vessels called arterioles.

BLOOD The arterioles eventually form into even smaller vessels called
capillaries.

Because capillaries are so small, they form an intricate network

around all of the tissues and cells within the body.
 6. The capillary walls are only one cell thick and allow certain
substances to pass out through the capillary walls to bathe the cells
with vital oxygen and nutrients.

7. Waste products and carbon dioxide are produced by the cells and

JOURNEY
these pass back into the capillaries via a similar process.

OF THE 8. The capillaries take away the waste products and carbon dioxide
and eventually form into larger vessels called venules.

BLOOD 9. The venules eventually form into larger vessels called veins.

10.Veins carry the deoxygenated blood back to the heart under lower
pressure, as the blood starts to slow down after its long journey
around the body.
 11. The veins are located in-between muscles. When the
muscles contract they squeeze the veins forcing the blood
upwards and onwards.

JOURNEY 12.Valves are also located within the veins to prevent the
blood from flowing backwards.

OF THE
BLOOD
13.On its journey, any waste products are filtered from the
blood and removed from the body via the urinary and
excretory systems.

14.Eventually the blood returns back to the heart where it is

then pumped onto the lungs to be replenished with oxygen and
have the carbon dioxide removed.
STRUCTURE OF
THE HEART
 • The heart is a hollow, cone shaped organ with cardiac muscle forming its walls.

• There are three layers which form the walls of the muscle: the pericardium, myocardium
and endocardium.

• The heart is approximately 10 cm long and is situated in the thoracic cavity, behind the
sternum, lying to the left side.

• The heart is divided into a right and left side with the septum separating each side. The
heart contains four chambers; two upper chambers called the right and left atriums and
two lower chambers called the right and left ventricles.

• The valves separate the atrium and ventricle chambers and when they open and close
they change the pressure within the chambers.

• When the cardiac muscle contracts (at systole) it forces the blood out of the heart and
HEART •
into the arteries which carry the blood around the body.

STRUCTU
When the cardiac muscle relaxes (at diastole) the heart fills with blood. This mechanism
of contraction and relaxation is known as a heartbeat.

RE
The blood flows through the heart following a specific sequence:

1. The oxygenated blood from the lungs enters into the left atrium of the heart
via the pulmonary veins.

2. The blood is squeezed through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.

3. It is then forced into the largest artery of the body - the aorta, which
transports the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

4. Deoxygenated blood returns from the body via the superior and inferior vena
cava into the right atrium of the heart.

5. The blood is squeezed through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

6. It is then forced out into the pulmonary artery which transports the
deoxygenated blood to the lungs to become oxygenated.
 The circulatory system can be divided into two distinct systems:
• Pulmonary circulation – transports blood from the lungs to the heart and
back again. It carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the
heart via the pulmonary artery and is transported to the lungs. The lungs
enrich the blood with oxygen and the pulmonary veins carry the oxygenated
blood back to the left atrium of the heart.
• Systemic circulation – transports blood from the heart to the rest of the
PULMONAR body and back again. It carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle
via the aorta to the body organs and tissues. The aorta then branches off to
Y AND supply the various areas of the body. As the blood travels around the body,

SYSTEMIC the oxygen is removed and the blood becomes deoxygenated. The superior
and inferior vena cava returns the deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
CIRCULATO
RY SYSTEMS
ARTERIES OF
THE HEAD AND
BODY
 The oxygenated blood is transported to all cells and tissues in the
different areas of the body via the arteries. The aorta is the main

ARTERIES
artery that leaves the heart. This then branches off to form further
arteries that are responsible for supplying certain areas of the

OF THE body.

HEAD
AND
BODY
Artery Location
Aorta Several sections commencing at
the heart and ending in the
abdomen
Pulmonary artery From the heart to the lungs in the
thoracic cavity
Common carotid artery Each side of the neck – forms into
two branches
Internal carotid artery Neck and inside the skull
External carotid artery Neck and head – has three
branches
Subclavian artery From the aorta in the chest cavity – Transports blood to the upper arm
also forms branches to the neck
Brachial artery Upper arm – forms two branches
(radial and ulna)
Radial artery Lateral (thumb) side of forearm
Function
Main artery of the body that leaves
the heart transporting oxygenated
blood
Transports deoxygenated blood
from the heart to the lungs
Main blood vessel that supplies the
neck
Supplies blood to the brain
Supplies blood to the face and head
Supplies blood to the upper arm
Supplies blood to the lateral side of
the forearm
Artery Location Function
Ulna artery Medial (little finger) side of Supplies blood to the medial side
forearm of the forearm
Digital arteries Fingers and thumb Carries blood to the fingers and
thumb
Iliac artery Pelvic region – one on either side Supplies blood to the pelvic region
of the body
Femoral artery Upper leg – forms two branches at Supplies blood to the groin, hip
the knee (anterior & posterior and thigh muscles
tibial)
Popliteal artery Knee Supplies blood to the knee joint
and muscles of the calf and thigh
Anterior tibial artery Front of the lower leg Carries blood to the front of the
lower leg
Metatarsal artery Foot Supplies blood to the foot
Digital artery Toes Supplies blood to the toes
VEINS OF THE
HEAD AND
NECK
 The deoxygenated blood is transported from all cells and tissues
in the different areas of the body in venules which eventually
form veins. The deoxygenated blood returns from the body via
the superior and inferior vena cava into the heart.
VEINS OF
THE HEAD
AND
NECK
Vein Location Function
Superior vena cava Superior to the heart in the upper Transports deoxygenated blood
thoracic cavity from the upper body and limbs
back to the heart
Inferior vena cava Posterior to the heart in the Transports deoxygenated blood
abdominal cavity from the lower body and limbs
back to the heart
Pulmonary vein From the lungs to the heart in the Transports oxygenated blood from
thoracic cavity the lungs to the heart
Jugular vein Each side of the neck Main blood vessel that brings
blood from the head back to the
body
Internal jugular vein Neck and inside the skull Brings blood back from the brain
External jugular vein Neck and head – has three Brings the blood back from the
branches face and head
Subclavian vein Passes under the clavicle Transports blood away from the
upper arm and chest
Brachial vein Upper arm Brings the blood back from the
upper arm
Vein Location Function
Median antibrachial vein Forearm Transports blood back from the
forearm
Digital veins Fingers and thumb Brings blood back from the fingers
and thumb
Iliac vein Pelvic region – one on either side Brings blood back from the pelvic
of the body region
Femoral vein Upper leg Brings blood back from the hip and
thigh muscles
Popliteal vein Knee Brings blood back from the knee
area
Anterior tibial vein Front of the lower leg Brings blood back from the lower
leg
Saphenous vein On the medial side of the lower Brings blood back from the lower
leg, from the ankle to behind the leg
knee
Digital veins Toes Transports blood back from the
toes
BLOOD
PRESSURE AND
PULSE
 The level of pressure exerted on the artery
walls as blood flows through them is referred
to as blood pressure.

BLOOD
PRESSUR The pressure is greatest in the large arteries
leaving the heart, and falls slightly in the
E AND arterioles and is barely apparent in the
capillaries.
PULSE
Blood pressure is lower in the veins as the
force of the heart pumping the blood is much
weaker.
 Age Weight
FACTORS
THAT CAN
Exercis
AFFECT Stress
BLOOD e
PRESSURE
Gender Diet
 BLOOD PRESSURE IS MEASURED IN THE UPPER ARM BY A PIECE
OF EQUIPMENT CALLED A SPHYGMOMANOMETER IN MM OF
MERCURY.

AN AVERAGE BLOOD PRESSURE SHOULD BE AROUND 120/80. THE

HIGHER NUMBER INDICATES THE PRESSURE AT
SYSTOLE/CONTRACTION, AND THE LOWER NUMBER AT
DIASTOLE/RELAXATION. BLOOD PRESSURE ABOVE THIS COULD
INDICATE HYPERTENSION OR HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND
ABOVE 140/95 COULD INDICATE A STROKE OR HEART ATTACK IS
IMMINENT. LOW BLOOD PRESSURE OR HYPOTENSION CAN
OCCUR AFTER A SHOCK OR HAEMORRHAGE FOR EXAMPLE, AND
CAN BE DANGEROUS IF INSUFFICIENT BLOOD REACHES THE
VITAL ORGANS.

BLOOD BLOOD PRESSURE NEVER FALLS TO ZERO DUE TO THE

CONTRACTION OF THE MUSCLES IN THE WALLS OF THE
PRESSURE ARTERIES.
 A pulse is felt when the left ventricle performs its pumping
action. Because this action is so strong, it can be felt as a
pulse in arteries that are at a considerable distance away
from the heart. When the ventricles relax, there is a short
wait until another contraction takes place and again

PULSE
you will feel a pulse of pressure. A normal pulse rate
varies between 60 and 80 beats per minute, however will
increase as the blood flow increases, for example during
activity and exercise.
BLOOD
CLOTTING
 When the blood clots to form a scab it is producing a natural

FACTORS protective seal to the area, and for this reason you must
discourage your clients from picking any scabs which occur
AFFECTIN (particularly after an electrical epilation treatment). You must
reinforce that they are the skin’s natural protective seal, and if
G THE they are removed scarring or infection can occur.

BLOOD
CLOTTING
PROCESS
 It is important that you are aware that certain factors can affect the blood
clotting process, particularly when performing electrical epilation treatments,
as incorrect probing may result in the piercing of a capillary, which then
requires the blood to clot in order for the site to heal. The health and efficiency
of the blood supply can be affected by:
• Smoking

Factors • Alcohol

affecting the • Poor nutrition intake

• Anti-coagulant drugs such as warfarin and aspirin. Some clients do take
blood aspirin before electrical epilation treatments as a mild form of pain relief
and you should advise them of the effects of aspirin on the rate of healing.

clotting
process