BASIC ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
ENGR. ELVIS Y. EYAO JR.
Intended Learning Outcomes:
1. Describe an electric circuit and Ohm’s Law
2. Use Ohm’s law to calculate the voltages and currents
in electric circuits.
3. Analyze single-loop and single-node-pair circuits to
calculate the voltages and currents in an electric
circuit using Kirchhoff's Law.
4. Apply Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage
law to determine the voltages and currents in an
electric circuit.
 Network Theorem
The convention, when addressing network topology,
is to use the word network rather than circuit. This is
done even though the words network and circuit mean
the same thing when used in this context. In network
topology, we study the properties relating to the
placement of elements in the network and the geometric
configuration of the network. Such elements include
branches, nodes, and loops
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage
source or a resistor
 Network Theorem
 In other words, a branch represents any two-
terminal element. The circuit has five branches,
namely, the 10-V voltage source, the 2-A current
source, and the three resistors
 Network Theorem
A node is the point of connection between two or more
branches

A node is usually indicated by a dot

in a circuit. If a short circuit (a
connecting wire) connects two nodes,
the two nodes constitute a single node.
The circuit in the figure has three nodes
a, b, and c. The three points that form
node b are connected by perfectly
conducting wires and therefore
constitute a single point. The same is
true of the four points forming node c.
 Network Theorem
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

A loop is a closed path formed by

starting at a node, passing through a set
of nodes, and returning to the starting
node without passing through any node
more than once. A loop is said to be
independent if it contains a branch which
is not in any other loop. Independent
loops or paths result in independent sets
of equations. For
example, the closed path bcb contains 3-
Ω resistor and a 2A current source.
 KIRCHHOFF’S LAW
In 1845, German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff
first described two laws that became central to
electrical engineering- the Kirchhoff's Current Law
(also known as Kirchhoff's Junction Law, and
Kirchhoff's First Law) and the Kirchhoff’s Voltage
Law.

These laws are extremely useful in real life

because they describe the relation of values of
currents that flow through a junction point and
voltages in an electrical circuit loop. They describe
how electrical current flows in all of the billions of
electric appliances and devices, as well as
throughout homes and businesses, that are in use
continually on Earth
What are Kirchhoff’s Laws?
Kirchhoff’s laws govern the conservation of charge and
energy in electrical circuits.
•Kirchhoff’s Laws
1.The junction rule
2.The closed loop rule
Junction Rule
•“At any node (junction) in an electrical circuit, the
sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the
sum of currents flowing out of that node, or: The
algebraic sum of currents in a network of conductors
meeting at a point is zero”.
•The sum of currents entering the junction are thus
equal to the sum of currents leaving. This implies that
the current is conserved (no loss of current).
𝐼𝑖𝑛= 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡
 KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW
This first law states that the algebraic sum of the currents entering
any node is zero. In mathematical form the law appears as

where 𝑖𝑗(𝑡) is the 𝑗𝑡ℎ current entering the node through branch 𝑗 and 𝑁 is
the number of branches connected to the node.
Procedure for Applying Rules
1. Assume all voltage sources and resistances are given.
(If not label them V1, V2 ..., R1, R2 etc)
2. Label each branch with a branch current. (I1, I2, I3 etc)
3. Apply junction rule at each node.
4. Applying the loop rule for each of the independent
loops of the circuit.
5. Solve the equations by substitutions/linear
manipulation.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The algebraic sum of all voltage around the closed loop must be
always zero.

where vn is the nth voltage. N is the number of elements in the

loop

A common assignment:

if the positive (+) side of the voltage is encountered first, assign a
positive “+”sign to the voltage across the element.
If the negative (-) side of the voltage is encountered first, assign a
negative “-”sign to the voltage across the element.
For the following figure

To use KVL to analyze a circuit,

Write KVL equations for voltages

Use Ohm’s law to write voltages in terms of resistances and currents.
Solve to find values of the currents and then voltages.
Example 2: Find v1 and v2 in the following circuit
(note: the arrows are signifying the positive position of
the box and the negative is at the end of the box)
 Find V1, V2, and V3.
(note: the arrows are signifying the positive position of
the box and the negative is at the end of the box)