TOKYO UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

Department of Global Fire Science and Technology

Examination of the accuracy of critical member

temperature calculation formulae for steel beams in
Eurocode 3 and FRVM

Le Hai Yen – 25/04/2023

Cross-section of the beam and boundary condition 2
Cross-section H- 400x200x8x13

Boundary condtion

S-D R-D

S-C R-C
Steel property 3
Real example SN400B Eurocode3 stress-strain curve

Thermal conductivity Coefficient of expansion Specific heat

60 16 6000

Specific heat (J/kg.K)

Thermal conductivity

Coefficient of thermal
expansion (x10^6/K)
50 14 5000
40 12
4000
(W/mK)

30 10
8 3000
20
6 2000
10 4
0 2 1000
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 10001200 0 200 400 600 800 10001200
Temperature (ᵒC)
Temperature (ᵒC)
Temperature (ᵒC)

2.5
Elastic modulus

2 SN400B
Modulus of elasticity
(x 10^5 N/mm2)

Eurocode curve
1.5

0.5

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Temperature (ᵒC)
 Steel property 4
Real example SN400B Eurocode3 stress-strain curve

Stress-strain relationship of SN400B Stress-strain relationship following Eurocode

600 300

23
500 250
300
400 200
400
Stress (N/mm2)

450

Stress (N/mm2)
300 500 150
550
200 600 100
650
100 700 50
800
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Strain (%)
Strain (%)
20-EC 200-EC 300-EC 400-EC
600-EC 500-EC 700-EC 800-EC
900-EC 1000-EC 1100-EC
Steel property 5
Comparison of SN400B strain-stress curve and Eurocode-curve

Stress-strain relationship 140 Stress-strain relationship

600
600 700
23 300 400 120 800 600-EC
500 500 20-EC 300-EC 700-EC 800-EC
400-EC 500-EC 100 900-EC 1000-EC

Stress (N/mm2)
400
Stress (N/mm2)

80

300
60

200 40

100 20

0
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 Strain (%)
Strain (%)
Load ratio and Deflection criteria 6
Ratio of moment (Load ratio) Deflection criteria
Case 1: Load ratio Md / MRd = 0.64
Case 2: Load ratio Md / MRd = 0.5 - ISO 834:
Case 3: Load ratio Md / MRd = 0.32 = = 100 mm
Ratio of shear force
Load ratio of moment - Ryan and Robert
0.64 0.5 0.32 = = = 50 mm
S-D 0.34 0.27 0.17
S-C 0.17 0.13 0.09
R-D 0.51 0.4 0.25
R-C 0.34 0.27 0.17
I. Critical temperature following Eurocode 3, FRVM and Abaqus 7
 Abaqus
Tcr,ave : Average of 4 nodes
Tcr,max : Temperature of node 2
Tnode 4 : Temperature of node 4

900
Steel temperature development
800
700
Temperature (C)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time (min)
Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 Node 4
4node-average Eurocode-average 20
 I. The Critical temperature results 8
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.64  FRVM:
 
Critical temperature (ᵒC)
- The lowest data
Rati
Simply supported end
– distributed load
Simply supported end –
concentrated load
Restrained beam –
distributed load
Restrained beam –
concentrated load (R- - R-D higher than other beams.
o (S-D) (S-C) (R-D) C)

20mm 25mm 40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm 25mm 40

 Eurocode 3:
(Eurocode) 638
- Higher than Tcr,ave
(FRVM) 458 458 520 459 - Lower than Tcr,max in Abaqus
Tcr,ave
556 557 560 616 615 613 635 638 646 613 617 625
except for S-D beam.
(Abaqus)
0.64
Tcr,max
635 630 625 693 687 680 710 709 713 691 689 693
 Abaqus:
(Abaqus)
- 20mm 25mm 40mm
Tnode 4
(Abaqus)
593 597 610 656 658 665 676 683 699 653 661 677 - S-D: Tcr,ave FRVM
- Tnode 4 Eurocode 3, except
for S-D beam.
I. The Critical temperature results 9
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.64  FRVM:
Critical temperature beam-load ratio - The lowest data
800 0.64 - R-D higher than other beams.
700

600
 Eurocode 3:
- Higher than Tcr,ave
Temperature (ᵒC)

500

400 - Lower than Tcr,max in Abaqus

300 except for S-D beam.
200
 Abaqus:
100
- 20mm 25mm 40mm
0
S-D S-C R-D R-C - S-D: Tcr,ave FRVM
average_20mm average_25mm average_40mm max_20mm
max_25mm max_40mm Eurocode 3 FRVM
- Tnode 4 Eurocode 3, except for S-D
beam.
I. The Critical temperature results 10
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.5  FRVM:
 
Critical temperature (ᵒC)
- The lowest data
Simply supported
end – distributed
Simply supported end –
concentrated load
Restrained beam –
distributed load
Restrained beam –
concentrated load
- R-D higher than other beams.
Rati
o
load
(S-D)
(S-C) (R-D) (R-C)  Eurocode 3:
- Higher than Tcr,ave , except for
25m 25m
20mm
m
40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm
m
40
R-D beam.
(Eurocode) 676 - Lower than Tcr,max in Abaqus
(FRVM) 512 512 559 512 except for S-D beam.
Tcr,ave
597 599 602 652 651 650 689 692 698 668 671 678
(Abaqus)
0.5  Abaqus:
Tcr,max
(Abaqus)
676 671 670 724 719 717 751 752 761 734 733 739 - 20mm 25mm 40mm
Tnode 4
637 642 654 694 696 703 730 733 738 712 718 729 - S-D: Tcr,ave FRVM
(Abaqus)
- Tnode 4 Eurocode 3, except for
S-D beam.
I. The Critical temperature results 11
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.32
 
Critical temperature (ᵒC)
 FRVM:
- The lowest data
Simply supported end Simply supported end – Restrained beam – Restrained beam –
Rati – distributed load
(S-D)
concentrated load
(S-C)
distributed load
(R-D)
concentrated load (R-
C)
- R-D higher than other beams.
o

25m
 Eurocode 3:
20mm 25mm 40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm 40
m
- Lower than Tcr,ave , except
(Eurocode) 744
for S-D beam.
(FRVM) 580 580 610 581

Tcr,ave
0.32
(Abaqus)
667 668 672 765 758 746 906 915 933 852 863 888  Abaqus:
Tcr,max
733 732 734 846 833 808 978 984 1020 929 935 970
- 20mm 25mm 40mm
(Abaqus)
- S-D: Tcr,ave FRVM
Tnode 4
(Abaqus)
710 714 725 792 789 788 961 978 1010 896 915 958
- Tnode 4 Eurocode 3, except
for S-D beam.
I. The Critical temperature results 12
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.64  FRVM:
 
Critical temperature (ᵒC)
- The lowest data
Simply supported
end – distributed
Simply supported end –
concentrated load
Restrained beam –
distributed load
Restrained beam –
concentrated load
- R-D higher than other beams.
Rati load
o (S-C) (R-D) (R-C)
(S-D)
 Eurocode 3:
20mm
25m
m
40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm
25m
m
40 - The highest data
(Eurocode) 638  Abaqus:
(FRVM) 458 458 520 459 - 20mm 25mm 40mm
Tcr,ave
0.6 (Abaqus)
522 521 520 556 554 550 556 558 559 552 553 553 - Tcr,ave FRVM
4
Tcr,max
601 593 582 635 627 614 635 630 624 631 625 618
(Abaqus)

Tnode 4
557 560 567 593 594 598 593 598 608 589 593 602
(Abaqus)
I. The Critical temperature results 13
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.5
   FRVM:
Critical temperature (ᵒC)
- The lowest data
Simply supported
end – distributed
Simply supported end –
concentrated load
Restrained beam –
distributed load
Restrained beam –
concentrated load
- R-D higher than other beams.
Rati load
o (S-C) (R-D) (R-C)
(S-D)
 Eurocode 3:
20mm
25m
m
40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm
25m
m
40 - The highest data
(Eurocode) 676
 Abaqus:
(FRVM) 512 510 558 512
- 20mm 25mm 40mm
Tcr,ave
0.5
(Abaqus)
561 560 558 598 596 592 600 601 603 597 597 598 - Tcr,ave FRVM
Tcr,max
640 633 623 677 669 659 679 674 670 675 670 665
(Abaqus)

Tnode 4
599 601 607 638 639 643 640 644 654 636 640 649
(Abaqus)
I. The Critical temperature results 14
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.32  FRVM:
  Critical temperature (ᵒC)

Simply supported
- The lowest data
Simply supported end – Restrained beam – Restrained beam –
Rati
end – distributed
load
concentrated load distributed load concentrated load - R-D higher than other beams.
o (S-C) (R-D) (R-C)
(S-D)

25m 25m
 Eurocode 3:
20mm 40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm 25mm 40 20mm 40
m m - The highest data
(Eurocode
)
744
(FRVM) 580 581 611 582  Abaqus:
Tcr,ave
0.3 (Abaqus)
626 624 620 648 645 639 680 681 684 672 674 677 - 20mm 25mm 40mm
2
Tcr,max
(Abaqus)
702 695 688 721 715 707 740 740 745 735 734 737 - Tcr,ave FRVM
Tnode 4
666 668 673 689 690 692 723 727 733 717 720 728
(Abaqus)
I. The Critical temperature results 15
 S-D beams: Tcr,ave FRVM
 S-C, R-C, R-D beams:
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm  ẟ ≤ = 50mm
 Md / MRd = 0.64  Md / MRd = 0.32
Md / MRd = 0.5

Tnode 4 Eurocode 3 Tcr,ave Eurocode 3 Tcr,ave FRVM

I. The Critical temperature results 16
SN400B curve- Eurocode curve, ẟ ≤ = 100mm

S-D beams: Tcr,ave (EC curve) FRVM

I. The Critical temperature results 17
SN400B curve- Eurocode curve, ẟ ≤ = 50mm

Tcr,ave (EC curve) <<<< FRVM

- Tcr,node4 (EC curve) FRVM
 II. The retained-time 18
In Eurocode 3: the temperature development of steel will depend on the temperature of the
cover, assumed 2 cases for the temperature of cover:
 Case 1: Temperature of cover = ambient temperature
 steel temperature-max  Retained time:
 Case 2: Temperature of cover = average of ambient temperature + steel
 steel temperature – average  Retained time:

ISO 834 curve and steel temperature

1200

1000
Temperature (ᵒC)

800

600

400

200

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Time (min)
Steel temperature - max ISO 834
Steel temperature - average
 II. The retained-time 19
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.64  FRVM vs Euro-ave:
  Retained-time (min)
Rati 20mm 25mm 40mm
 R-D:
o
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C + 18-20% safer with 20 and 25mm
54 63 85
+ 9% safer with 40mm
70 82 116
 S-D, S-C, R-C:
0.64
FRVM 49 49 56 49 60 60 67 60 97 97 106 97
+ 30% safer with 20 and 25mm
Abaqus 61 70 73 70 72 82 87 83 105 118 128 121 + 16% safer with 40mm
 Abaqus vs Euro:
Retained time of beam - load ratio 0.64
97
 S-D: Abaqus Euro-min
R-C 83
70  S-C, R-D, R-C:
R-D 87
106 + Abaqus Euro-max
73

S-C 82
97  Increase of thickness
70
20-25mm 25-40mm
97
S-D
61
72 FRVM: 19-22% 58-60%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Abaqus: 17-19% 44-47%
Time (min)
40mm 25mm 20mm
 II. The retained-time 20
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.5
  Retained-time (min)
Rati 20mm 25mm 40mm
 FRVM vs Euro-ave:
o
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C
+20-30% safer with 20 and 25mm
+10-15% safer with 40mm
60 69 94
76 89 125  Abaqus vs Euro:
0.5
FRVM 55 55 59 55 66 66 71 66 105 105 111 105  S-D:
Abaqus 67 77 88 81 79 90 104 96 115 129 152 142 + Abaqus Euro-min
 S-D, S-C, R-D, R-C:
Retained time of beam - load ratio 0.5 + Abaqus Euro-ave
142
R-C 96
81

152  Increase of thickness

R-D 104
88 20-25mm 25-40mm
S-C 90
129 FRVM: 20% 56-59%
77 Abaqus: 17-19% 43-48%
115
S-D 79
67
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
40mm Time
25mm (min)20mm
 II. The retained-time 21
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm, load ratio = 0.32
  Retained-time (min)  FRVM vs Euro-ave:
Rati 20mm 25mm 40mm +37-40% safer with 20 and 25mm
o
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C +30% safer with 40mm
80 91 122

97 113 157
 Abaqus vs Euro:
0.32  S-D:
FRVM 59 59 59 59 71 71 71 71 111 111 111 111
+ Abaqus Euro-min
Abaqus 80 105 137 123 95 121 161 145 138 168 230 212
 S-D, S-C, R-D, R-C:
Retained time of beam - load ratio 0.32 + Abaqus Euro-max
212
R-C 145
123
230
 Increase of thickness
R-D 161
137 20-25mm 25-40mm
S-C 121
168 FRVM: 20% 56%
105
Abaqus: 15-19% 39-46%
138
S-D 95
80
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (min)
40mm 25mm 20mm
II. The retained-time 22
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.64  Abaqus vs Euro:
  Retained-time (min)
Abaqus Euro-min
Ratio 20mm 25mm 40mm
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C

54 63 85

70 82 116
0.64
FRVM 49 49 56 49 60 60 67 60 97 97 106 97

Abaqus 56 61 61 60 67 72 72 71 96 103 105 103

 II. The retained-time 23
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.5
  Retained-time (min)  Abaqus vs Euro:
20mm 25mm 40mm
Ratio
Abaqus Euro-min
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C

60 69 94

76 89 125
0.5
FRVM 55 55 59 55 66 66 71 66 105 105 111 105

Abaqus 62 67 68 67 73 79 80 79 105 113 115 114

II. The retained-time 24
 ẟ ≤ = 50mm, load ratio = 0.32
 Abaqus vs Euro:
 
Retained-time (min) Abaqus Euro-min
Rati 20mm 25mm 40mm
o
S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C S-D S-C R-D R-C

80 91 122

97 113 157
0.5
FRVM 59 59 59 59 71 71 71 71 111 111 111 111

Abaqus 72 76 84 82 84 89 100 97 120 125 145 141

II. The retained-time 25
 ẟ ≤ = 100mm  ẟ ≤ = 50mm
 S-D beam  S-C beam
R-D beam
R-C beam

Abaqus Abaqus Abaqus

 II. The retained-time 26
SN400B curve- Eurocode curve, ẟ ≤ = 100mm
  Retained-time (min)
Ratio Deflection criteria 100  A-Eurocode vs A-SN400B
S-D S-C R-D R-C
54
 88-94% with 0.64 and 0.5
70
 70-90% with 0.32
0.64 FRVM 49 49 56 49
A- SN400B 61 70 73 70  A-Eurocode vs Euro:
A- Eurocode 57 64 68 66 + A-Eurocode Euro-min
60
76
0.5 FRVM 55 55 59 55
A- SN400B 67 77 88 81
A- Eurocode 62 70 77 73
80
97
0.32 FRVM 59 59 59 59
A- SN400B 80 105 137 123
A- Eurocode 72 84 99 96
 II. The retained-time 27
SN400B curve- Eurocode curve, ẟ ≤ = 50mm
 
Ratio Deflection criteria 50  A-Eurocode vs A-SN400B
S-D S-C R-D R-C
54
 S-D, S-C: 83-85%
70  R-D, R-C: 93-96%
0.64 FRVM 49 49 56 49
A- SN400B 56 61 61 60
A- Eurocode 48 52 57 56
 A-Eurocode vs Euro:
60 + A-Eurocode <<< Euro-min
76
0.5 FRVM 55 55 59 55
A- SN400B 62 67 68 67
A- Eurocode 53 56 65 63
80
97
0.32 FRVM 59 59 59 59
A- SN400B 72 76 84 82
A- Eurocode 60 63 81 77
III. The next step 28
- Calculation and modelling with H600x200x11x17 steel
beam.
Thank you for your kind attention!