BEARING AND LUBRICATION

PREPARED BY:
MUHAMMAD NA`IM FAUZAN BIN NORA AFANDI (LG2202955)
MUHAMAD IZWAN BIN MOHD ISA (LG2202950)
NURUL AIMUNI BINTI DERAMAN (LG2202980)
INTRODUCTON
LUBRICATION AND BEARINGS ARE TWO IMPORTANT COMPONENTS IN THE SMOOTH
OPERATION OF MANY MECHANICAL SYSTEMS. LUBRICATION REFERS TO THE APPLICATION OF
A LUBRICANT, SUCH AS OIL OR GREASE, TO REDUCE FRICTION AND WEAR BETWEEN MOVING
PARTS. BEARINGS, ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE MECHANICAL DEVICES THAT SUPPORT THE
MOVEMENT OF ROTATING OR SLIDING PARTS AND HELP TO REDUCE FRICTION AND WEAR.
BEARINGS CAN COME IN MANY FORMS, INCLUDING BALL BEARINGS, ROLLER BEARINGS, AND
SLEEVE BEARINGS, AMONG OTHERS. PROPER LUBRICATION IS ESSENTIAL TO THE LONGEVITY
AND EFFICIENCY OF BEARINGS, AS IT HELPS TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE WEAR AND DAMAGE.
TOGETHER, LUBRICATION AND BEARINGS PLAY A CRITICAL ROLE IN MANY INDUSTRIAL AND
MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS, FROM AUTOMOBILES AND AIRPLANES TO MANUFACTURING
EQUIPMENT AND MORE.
BEARING AND LUBRICATION

BEARING

Bearing is the part that supports the shaft, used to guide the rotational movement of the
shaft and bear the load transferred from the shaft to the frame. Bearing is a widely used
and strictly required component and basic part of the machinery industry. It is the
supporting element of the rotating shaft or movable part of various machines, and it is
also the supporting element that relies on the rolling body to achieve the rotation of the
host. It is also called the joint of machinery.

Bearings are a very small and crucial element. Different types of bearings are available
based on our requirements. It is used to restrict degrees of freedom of any part. It gives
the desired direction to a given component. The simplest example is the drawer of your
computer table where bearing gives linear motion to a component. Bearing eliminates
direct contact of two parts and reduces friction between them. This also causes less
force work or energy to remove a part.
Lubrication

Lubrication plays a vital role in the performance and life of rolling element bearings. The most important
task of the lubricant is to separate parts moving relative to one another (balls or rollers and raceways) in
order to minimize friction and prevent wear. A lubricant that is designed for specific operating conditions
will provide a load bearing wear protective film. The ideal condition is when the friction surfaces are
separated by this film. In addition to providing this load bearing film, the lubricant should also allow for
the dissipation of frictional heat thus preventing overheating of the bearing and deterioration of the
lubricant and provide protection from corrosion, moisture, and the ingress of contaminants.

Lubricants used in rolling element bearings should have the following characteristics:

- Maintains a stable viscosity over a broad range of temperatures

- Good film strength that can support loads
- Stable structure that provides for long service life
- Non-corrosive and compatible with adjacent components
- Provides a barrier against contaminant and moisture, yet does not leak out of the bearing
TYPE OF BEARING AND LUBRICATION

TYPE OF BEARING

1. Deep groove ball bearings

CHARACTERISTICS OF DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS
1) SIMPLE STRUCTURE, LOW MANUFACTURING COST, EASY TO ACHIEVE HIGH MANUFACTURING ACCURACY.

(2) LOW FRICTION COEFFICIENT AND HIGH SPEED.

(3) MAINLY USED TO BEAR RADIAL LOAD, BUT IN THE BEARING RADIAL CLEARANCE INCREASES, WITH THE NATURE OF ANGULAR CONTACT BALL BEARINGS, CAN WITHSTAND TWO DIRECTIONS OF ALTERNATING AXIAL LOAD;.

(4) IT CAGES MORE STEEL PLATE STAMPING WAVE-SHAPED CAGE, LARGE BEARING MORE CAR METAL SOLID CAGE.

(5) THEY ARE THE MOST REPRESENTATIVE ROLLING BEARINGS, WIDELY USED, VERY DURABLE, WITHOUT FREQUENT MAINTENANCE
2. CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARINGS
CHARACTERISTICS OF CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARINGS
(1) THE ROLLERS AND RACEWAY ARE IN LINEAR CONTACT, SO THE CAPACITY OF THE RADIAL LOAD IS LARGE AND CAN WITHSTAND HEAVY LOADS AND SHOCK LOADS.
(2) SMALL FRICTION COEFFICIENT, CAN BE USED FOR VERY HIGH SPEED WORKING OCCASIONS, ITS LIMIT SPEED NEXT TO DEEP GROOVE BALL BEARINGS.
(3) N-TYPE AND NU TYPE CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARING CAN DO AXIAL MOVEMENT, CAN ADAPT TO THE THERMAL EXPANSION OR INSTALLATION ERROR CAUSED BY THE
SHAFT AND THE HOUSING RELATIVE POSITION CHANGES, CAN BE USED TO SUPPORT THE FREE END.
(4) THE PROCESSING NEEDS OF THE SHAFT OR BASE HOLE ARE HIGH, TO STRICTLY CONTROL THE RELATIVE DEVIATION OF THE OUTER RING AXIS THAT MAY BE CAUSED BY
BEARING INSTALLATION, AVOID THE CONCENTRATION OF CONTACT STRESS
;(5) THE INNER RINGS OR OUTER RINGS OF THE BEARINGS CAN BE SEPARATED TO FACILITATE INSTALLATION AND DISASSEMBLY.
3. Tapered roller bearings
CHARACTERISTICS OF CIRCULAR VERTEBRAL ROLLER BEARINGS
(1) INNER RING AND OUTER RING OF BEARING HAVE TAPERED RACEWAY, THE SHAPE OF THE
ROLLERS IS ROUND TABLE-SHAPED. THE ROLLER IS IN LINE CONTACT WITH THE RACEWAY AND
CAN WITHSTAND THE HEAVY COMBINED RADIAL AND AXIAL LOADS AS WELL AS AXIAL LOADS.
THE AXIAL BEARING CAPACITY INCREASES WITH THE INCREASE OF CONTACT ANGLE.
(2) TAPERED ROLLER DESIGN SHOULD MAKE THE ROLLER AND THE RACEWAY OF THE INNER RING
AND OUTER RING CONTACT LINE EXTENDED AFTER THE INTERSECTION OF THE SAME POINT ON
THE AXIS OF THE BEARING USED TO ACHIEVE ROLLING.
(3) TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO SINGLE ROW, DOUBLE ROW, AND
FOUR-ROW, AND OTHER DIFFERENT TYPES ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF ROLLERS INSTALLED.
THIS TYPE OF BEARING ALSO USES MORE IMPERIAL SERIES PRODUCTS.
(4) THE NEW DESIGN OF TAPERED ROLLER BEARING USES STRENGTHENED STRUCTURE, THE
LONGER DIAMETER OF ROLLERS, THE LONGER LENGTH OF ROLLERS, MORE ROLLERS, AND THE
ROLLERS WITH CONVEX SHAPE ARE USED, THE CAPACITY AND SERVICE LIFE ARE OBVIOUSLY
IMPROVED. THE CONTACT OF THE BIG END FACE AND THE BIG RETAINING EDGE OF THE ROLLERS
IS SPHERICAL AND CONICAL, WHICH IMPROVES LUBRICATION
4. THRUST BALL BEARINGS
THRUST BALL BEARINGSCHARACTERISTICS OF THRUST BALL BEARINGS

(1) THE THRUST BALL ARE SEPARABLE BEARINGS, WITH A CONTACT ANGLE OF 90°,
WHICH CAN BE MOUNTED SEPARATELY AND CAN ONLY WITHSTAND AXIAL LOAD.
(2) LOW LIMIT SPEED. STEEL BALL PLUS CENTRIFUGAL FORCE SQUEEZED TO THE
OUTSIDE OF THE RACEWAY, EASY TO ABRASION, BUT NOT SUITABLE FOR HIGH-SPEED
OPERATION.
(3) THE ONE-WAY BEARING CAN WITHSTAND ONE-WAY AXIAL LOAD, THE TWO-WAY
BEARING CAN WITHSTAND TWO-WAY AXIAL LOAD.
(4) WITH SPHERICAL SEAT RING THRUST BALL BEARINGS WITH SPHERICAL
ALIGNMENT PERFORMANCE, CAN ELIMINATE THE IMPACT OF INSTALLATION ERRORS.
5. THRUST ROLLER BEARINGS
CHARACTERISTICS OF THRUST BALL BEARINGS
(1) CAN ONLY WITHSTAND UNIDIRECTIONAL AXIAL LOADS AND MINOR SHOCKS.
(2) LARGE BEARING RIGIDITY, SMALL SPACE OCCUPATION, LARGE AXIAL LOAD
CAPACITY, AND LOW SENSITIVITY TO SHOCK LOAD.
(3) SUITABLE FOR LOW SPEED, OFTEN USED IN WORK SITUATIONS WHERE THRUST
BALL BEARINGS ARE NOT APPLICABLE.
(4) INSTALLATION DOES NOT ALLOW THE AXIS OF THE SHAFT AND THE RINGS TO BE
TILTED
6. Needle roller bearings
The characteristics of needle roller bearings
(1) Small radial size of needle roller bearings, the radial bearing capacity
is very high, can not bear axial load, only as a free end support use.
(2) Conducive to the miniaturization and lightweight of equipment.
(3) The use of needle roller bearings without an inner ring or without an
outer ring, only with cage needle roller assembly, the requirements of
the matching journal or bearing housing hole machining accuracy,
surface hardness should be the same as the bearing collar raceway.
(4) They have a large coefficient of friction and are not suitable for higher
speeds
7. PLAIN BEARINGS
The characteristics of plain bearings
(1) Smooth, reliable, and noiseless working of plain bearings.
(2) In liquid lubrication conditions, the plain surface is separated by
lubricating oil without direct contact, but also can greatly reduce
friction loss and surface wear, the oil film also has a certain ability to
absorb vibration, but the starting friction resistance is large.
8. Magnetic bearings
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC BEARINGS

(1) COMPARED WITH THE TRADITIONAL BALL, PLAIN, AND OIL FILM BEARINGS,
MAGNETIC BEARINGS DO NOT HAVE MECHANICAL CONTACT AND THE ROTOR
CAN ACHIEVE HIGH OPERATING SPEEDS.
(2) WITH THE ADVANTAGES OF LOW MECHANICAL WEAR, LOW ENERGY
CONSUMPTION, LOW NOISE, LONG LIFE, NO LUBRICATION, NO OIL POLLUTION,
ETC., ESPECIALLY FOR HIGH-SPEED, VACUUM, ULTRA-CLEAN, AND OTHER
SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTS.
(3) IT CAN BE WIDELY USED IN THE FIELDS OF MACHINING, TURBOMACHINERY,
AEROSPACE, VACUUM TECHNOLOGY, ROTOR DYNAMICS IDENTIFICATION, AND
TESTING, ETC. IT IS RECOGNIZED AS A PROMISING NEW TYPE OF SHAFT.
TYPE OF
LUBRICATION
1.OIL • Oil is one of the most common lubricants
found in plants. It’s a thin liquid that comes
in different “weights” or viscosity, the lower
the weight number, the thinner the oil. At
times, additives can be mixed with the oil to
prevent oxidizing and corrosion.
* When to Use Oil:
-On hinges, bearings, tool
maintenance, sharpening blades
-You want to lubricate something
without the resistance that’s
common when using grease
-You need lubrication, but don’t
want to take everything apart, so
you wick the oil into a small
space
* Don’t Use Oil When:
-The machine or part needing lubrication looks
to be dirty or dusty. Adding oil to a dirty or
compromised area will cause additional
friction or the oil will “gum up.” Additionally,
if the surface isn’t clean, oils that are lower in
viscosity will drip or run.
-If the surface area is wet or will become wet,
this will wash the oil away. This is a common
misconception since oil does make things
water-resistant. However, the oil absorbs the
water and over time it will lower its adhesion
and wash off the parts that needed lubrication
in the first place
2. GREASE

made by mixing oil, a thickener, (usually a

lithium-based soap) and at times additional
lubricants, like PTFE (Teflon). Due to how it’s
Grease made, it has the same lubricating properties as
oil. However, it’s texture and stickiness helps it
adhere to surfaces better. Greases come in a
variety of consistencies, the thinnest being
similar to ketchup, the thickest coming close to
a block of cheddar cheese
• When to Use Grease: • Don’t Use Grease When:
- On gears, bearings, chains, linkages - Your machine has fast-moving or
- You need the lubrication to stick to fine parts and grease could slow it
the surface for a long period of time down or create too much resistance

- You want to seal out particles of - If you need to keep the area clean,
dust or water droplets moving parts can fling grease around

- You use the machine so seldom that - You have fine or fast-moving
you may forget to oil it mechanisms where thick grease
would create too much resistance
3. PENETRATING
LUBRICANT • Penetrating Lubricant is what you’re
grabbing when you have rusty jack bolts or
parts with years of rust or debris on them.
Penetrating lubricant is not long-lasting
lubrication, it’s only use is for infiltrating
tiny cracks, adding lubrication and breaking
up rust.
• When to Use Penetrating • Don’t Use Penetrating Lubricant When:
Lubricant:
- This cannot be used in place for other
- Loosening stuck nuts or lubricants, never use this product on bearings
bolts. Whether they’re or other parts. It doesn’t last long and will
covered in rust or years of damage your machine.
debris, this will set them
free.
- Removing chewing gum (it
happens), adhesive
stickers, and warehouse
repair tasks.
4. DRY LUBRICANT • Dry Lubricant is a great alternative when
you can’t use oil or grease that will attract
dust and dirt. At a molecular level, the tiny
particles that make up dry lubricant (like
graphite) are super slippery. Dry lubricant
usually comes in a spray form that’s been
mixed with water, alcohol, or another
solvent that eventually will evaporate away
leaving behind a thin film of lubricant to
reduce friction.
• When to Use Dry • Don’t Use Dry Lubricant When:
Lubricant:
-The application surface will be exposed to liquids
-On threaded rods, locks, hinges or solvents that can wash away the remaining
-Tiny parts that can’t be gunked up lubricant.
with grease or surrounding surfaces
that need to remain clean
-You need to avoid using a lubricant
that attracts dust or dirt
-Surfaces may be exposed to
extremely high heat or pressure. If
this occurs, oils will start to oxidize.
Material used for bearing and lubrication

1 Carbon Steel Bearings

Also called ‘commercial grade’, carbon steel is not stainless steel in that it instead features a
carbon element of up to 2.1% in weight. The higher the carbon content, the stronger the bearing.
With this, however, it becomes less ductile, has a lower melting point and can’t operate large
loads or high speeds.
The benefits to using carbon steel bearings include being the cheapest bearing material for use as
well as its hardness.
This type of bearing made with carbon is commonly seen in rolling draws, locks, bikes, roller
skates and shopping carts.
.
2. Chrome Steel Bearings
Another type of steel bearings is the chrome steel bearing and it is one of the most prominent
types of bearing components and materials due to the affordable costs, high hardness level and
quieter operating volume. Despite what the name might suggest, a chrome steel bearing has a
low chromium level within the steel compound.
With this, the benefits of using a chrome steel bearing ends with the high-hardness, high-load
capacity, low decibel, affordable cost and wide accessibility. However, it requires maintenance
of lubrication and is not resistant to corrosion or chemicals.
As one of the most commonly sourced bearing from the bearing supplier in Singapore and
around the world, it has a wide range of industry applications. For example, vibrating motor
systems, food processing machines and linear motion components.
3. STAINLESS STEEL The final steel material used to create industry-suitable
BEARINGS bearings is stainless steel. The composition has a lower
percentage of carbon than carbon steel bearings and a
higher chromium quantity than chrome steel bearings.
A stainless steel bearing is highly effective, precise,
strong, durable, resistant to corrosion, chemical resistant,
softer and temperature flexible than most other bearing
types. The only negative aspects would be the heavier
composition, need for lubrication and higher costs.
With this, the stainless steel bearing can be used in a
range of industrial applications including those that are
temperature sensitive. Examples include food
processing, manufacturing, metal plating,
instrumentation, high humidity and highly chemical areas.
 Ceramic bearings are manufactured to produce a highly
4. CERAMIC BEARINGS
non-corrosive and durable bearing with two rings of
ceramic and a fluorine resin retainer. This material is chosen
over stainless steel and its variances due to the non-
magnetic requirements of the machinery.
With this, the benefits of using a ceramic ball bearing of
Singapore include it being high in hardness, anti-corrosive,
durable, lightweight, high-temperature resistant, low in
density and low in maintenance due to not requiring
lubrication.
The industry applications for a ceramic ball bearing are
often within aircrafts, in the dental profession and in food
processing machines.
5. Polymer Plastic Bearings
There are also many non-metallic materials used to manufacture ball and roller bearings due to lightweight qualities
among others. Plastics and polymers used throughout the bearing industry include:
• Nylon
• Silicone Nitrate
• Phenolic
• Teflon (PTFE)
• Nitrile Rubber

With their porous material, polymer plastic bearings often have high temperature ranges and naturally low-friction
properties meaning no lubrication is needed. Other benefits to using polymer plastic bearings include the resistance to
corrosion, chemicals and rust as well as a lightweight body with high strength used for a range of industry machines.
The polymer plastic bearing is often used within electrical switch gears, water turbines, ship propeller shafts,
household appliances, filming gear, instruments, textiles, factory floor applications and more.
6. HYBRID BEARINGS Lastly, hybrid bearings are manufactured with best
practice in mind. Using high radial and axial strength of
steel for the rings and bearing grade silicone nitrate to
manufacture the rolling elements, it provides electrical
insulation.
With this, hybrid bearing types feature the benefits of high
wear resistance, varied industry application scenarios,
higher speed capabilities than most and non-conductive
components for temperature rises or RCF.
High-level research and science machines such as
cryogenic chambers, aerospace engineering and medical
equipment make use of the hybrid bearing components
and materials.
 CONCLUSION
IN CONCLUSION, BEARINGS ARE ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS IN MACHINES AND
EQUIPMENT THAT REDUCE FRICTION AND SUPPORT LOADS. PROPER LUBRICATION IS
CRITICAL TO ENSURE THE BEARINGS OPERATE EFFICIENTLY AND PREVENT
PREMATURE FAILURE. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEARINGS AND LUBRICANTS ARE
AVAILABLE, AND THE SELECTION PROCESS SHOULD CONSIDER VARIOUS FACTORS,
SUCH AS OPERATING CONDITIONS, LOAD CAPACITY, AND TEMPERATURE RANGE. IT'S
ALSO IMPORTANT TO MONITOR THE LUBRICATION LEVELS REGULARLY AND PERFORM
ROUTINE MAINTENANCE TO PROLONG THE LIFESPAN OF THE BEARINGS. ULTIMATELY,
PROPER BEARING AND LUBRICATION MANAGEMENT CAN LEAD TO INCREASED
MACHINE RELIABILITY, REDUCED MAINTENANCE COSTS, AND IMPROVED OVERALL
EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVENESS.
REFFERENCES

• www.skf.com. (n.d.). SKF. [online] Available at:

https://www.skf.com/my/products/rolling-bearings [Accessed 5 Apr. 2023].
• ‌www.merriam-webster.com. (n.d.). Definition of BEARING. [online] Available
at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bearing.
• ‌www.dictionary.com. (n.d.). Definition of bearing | Dictionary.com. [online]
Available at: https://www.dictionary.com/browse/bearing.