BIOSENSORS

Prepared by:
Samaneh Rahamooz Haghighi
PHD student

may2015

1
Biosensors
Section 1
 SENSOR
 A small device used for direct measurement of a physical quantity of an analyte
in a sample matrix
 Response is continuous and reversible
 Sample is not perturbed
 Does not require sample collection and preparation
 Consists of a transduction element covered by a recognition layer
 Recognition layer may be chemical or biological
 Recognition layer interacts with target analyte
 Transduction element translates the chemical changes into electrical signals

3
 History of Biosensors

Dr. Leland Clark Jr  First described in 1962 by Dr. Leland Clark

“Father of the biosensor”
 1969 a sensor was invented to detect urea
 1972 the first glucose biosensor commercialized by Yellow Springs
Instruments
1980’s ---- Biosensors Would Solve the World's Analytical Needs
„

Industry -- process monitoring and control, particularly food and drink

„ Medicine -- diagnostics, metabolites, hormones

„ Military -- battlefield monitoring of poison gases, nerve agents & people

„ Domestic -- home monitoring of non acute conditions

5
 Introduction

 Biosensors ~ $3B
 90% → Glucose testing
 8% - 10% increase in industry per year

6
 Market Size of Biosensors

 $7.3 Billion in 2003

 $10.2 Billion in 2007 with a growth rate of about 10.4%
 Biosensor Development
 1916 First report on the immobilization of proteins: adsorption of
invertase on activated charcoal.

 1956 Invention of the first oxygen electrode [Leland Clark]

 1962 First description of a biosensor: an amperometric enzyme

electrode for glucose. [Leland Clark, New York Academy of Sciences
Symposium]

 1969 First potentiometric biosensor: urease immobilized on an

ammonia electrode to detect urea. [Guilbault and Montalvo]

 1970 Invention of the Ion-Selective Field-Effect Transistor (ISFET).

8
 History of Biosensors
 1975 First commercial biosensor ( Yellow springs
Instruments glucose biosensor)

 1975 First microbe based biosensor, First immunosensor

 1976 First bedside artificial pancreas (Miles)

 1980 First fibre optic pH sensor for in vivo blood gases

(Peterson)

 1982 First fibre optic-based biosensor

 1983 First surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor

 1984 First mediated amperometric biosensor:

ferrocene used with glucose oxidase for glucose detection

9
 1987 Blood-glucose biosensor launched by MediSenseExacTech

 SPR based biosensor by Pharmacia BIACore

 1992 Hand held blood biosensor by i-STAT

 1996 Launching of Glucocard

 1998 Blood glucose biosensor launch by LifeScan FastTake

 1998 Launch of LifeScan FastTake blood glucose biosensor

 1998 Merger of Roche and Boehringer Mannheim to form Roche Diagnostics 1
LifeScan purchases Inverness Medical's glucose testing business for $1.3billion

 2001 To 2015 Microorganism and nano technology to biosensors

Quantomdots, nanoparicles, nanowire, nanotube, etc

10
 Your
welcome
To this
subject

11
 ?What are biosensors
 Devices that analyze biological samples to better
understand structure and function and for diagnostics

 Uses for biosensors

Molecule analysis (DNA and proteins)
Food safety
Diagnostics
Medical monitoring
Detection of biological weapons
Rapid analysis and detection
 Biosensors
 Advantages
Rapid detection
Small volumes of samples needed
Can be used by the patient (blood glucose monitor)

 Disadvantages
Cost
May require expertise to use
Sample collection can be painful
 Types of biosensors
 Electrochemical
 Temperature sensitive
 Photosensitive
 Pressure sensitive
 Motion sensitive
 Chemical sensitive
Category biosensors for biochemical and biological function and structure

Biocatalytic (eg, enzymes)

Immunological (eg, antibodies)

,DNA Nucleic acid (eg(

15
 Common biosensors
 Blood glucose monitors
 Heart and blood pressure monitors
 Pacemakers
 HIV and pregnancy tests
 Blood glucose monitors
 Used by diabetics to measure blood glucose concentration
 Helps patients determine their insulin dose
 Uses electrochemistry for detection
 biosensors:
A biosensor consists of two components: a bioreceptor and a transducer.
The bioreceptor is a biomolecule that recognizes the target analyte

whereas the transducer converts the recognition event into a measurable

signal.

18
 Schematic illustration of a Biosensor

bioreceptor transducer amplification signal prossing monitor

19
 Introduction

 Bioreceptor:

Incorporation of a biomolecule in order to detect something

Recognition
Species to be detected Layer Transducer Electronics Signal
(analyte)

20
 bio sample : Analyte

Sugar
glutamic acid many amino acids
urea Peptide
cholesterol lactic acid vitamin
Penicillin aspirin
ethanol phosphate
toxin

21
bioreceptor

Enzyme
Antibody
(DNA)
(receptor)
 (microorganism)
( tissue)
 (cell)
(organel)

22
23
Saraju P.Mohanty and Elias Kougianos,2006

24
 Bioreceptors
 Enzyme
Enzyme is a large protein molecule that acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions.
Enzymes are often chosen as bioreceptors based on their specific binding
capabilities as well as their catalytic activity
 Enzyme

Enzymes are folded polypeptides (polymers of

amino acids) which catalyze chemical reactions
without being used up in the conversion of
substrates to products.

Enzymes are proteins with

high catalytic activity and
selectivity towards substrates.

26
 Enzyme

27
 Advantage and disadvantage of Enzyme

Advantage

connected to the object

High selection
catalytic activity
increase sensitivity
Fastly performance
highest consumption
Disadvantage

Expensive
When immobilization enzyme on transducer,
loses part of its activities

Because inactivity
28 , shortly lose its activities
Bioreceptors

Antibodies are biological molecules that

 Antibody exhibit very specific binding capabilities for
specific structure (antigens).

membrane

Antigen It can be recognized by antibody.

 biosensors-based antibody also called Immunosensors

Antibodies usually immobilize on level of transducer by the amino, carboxyl,

aldehyde, sulfide groups.

 Bonding antibodies to the antigen is stronger and more specific than bonding
substrate of the enzyme,.

30
Advantage

High selective
Very sensitive
Their bond is very strong.

Disadvantage

Loss of catalytic effect

31
 Bioreceptors

DNA structure
Another biorecognition mechanism
involves hybridization of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or
ribonucleic acid (RNA), which are
the building blocks of genetics.

Four chemical bases:

 adenine(A), guanine (G),

 cytosine (C), thymine (T)

 Nucleic acid hybridization
Principles of DNA biosensors

(Target Sequence)

Probe DNA is useful for recognation genetic disease , cancer, viral

infection
33
 Mark

Antibody

Probe DNA

34
 The complementarity of adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanosine pairing in DNA
forms the basis for the specificity of biorecognition in DNA biosensors (Fig. 2).

35
 receptors

36
Introduction to Biosensors
Bioreceptor Transducer

Absorption
Fluorescence
Antibody
Interference
Optical
potentiometric
Enzyme Electrochemical amperometric
conductimetric

Nucleic Acid (DNA) Mass based

Cell Temperature based

Dielectric properties
Electric & Permeability properties
MIP
Magnetic Voltage or Current
 Discriminative Membrance and membrance
proce are essential component of a biosensors

Selective prevalence
Prevent fouling
Eliminate interference
Control Emission of analyte
 Preserving the environment enzymes
  Protection against mechanical stresses

38
 transducer

39