Number S y s t e m

CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Decimal Number System
 Binary Number System
 Why Binary?
 Octal Number System
 Hexadecimal Number System
 Relationship between Hexadecimal, Octal,
Decimal, and Binary
 Number Conversions
 Number system
 In earlier days, people used to exchange their things
for other things. The requirement for numbers
primarily originated from the need to count.
 They used the numbers 1,2,3,.that served the people
for many years because all they needed to count
was their crops, and animals.
 Later on numbers such as zero, integers, rational
numbers, irrational numbers were introduced.
 There is evidence that as early as 30,000 BC our
ancient ancestors were tallying or counting things.
That is where the concept of number systems
began.
 Numbers
 Natural Numbers:
 A natural number is a number that comes naturally,
 Natural numbers are greater than zero we can use this
numbers as counting numbers:
 {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ….…, }.
 Whole numbers:
 Whole numbers are just all the natural numbers
plus a zero: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ……… , }.

 If our system of numbers was limited to the Natural

Numbers then a number such as –2 would have no
meaning. The next number system is the Integers.
 Numbers

 Integers:
 Integers include the Natural numbers, zero, and
the negative Natural numbers.
 Numbers in the form of negative and positive
numbers
{….-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,4, …. }.
 Rational number:
 Which can be written in the form of
.
p
 Where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 is called a rational
number, so all the integers are rational number .
q
N um b ers
 N um b ers

 Real numbers:
 All the numbers including rational and
irrational numbers are called real number
 The official symbol for real numbers is a bold R.

 Prime numbers:
 The real number which is divisible by 1 and itself is
called prime number Ex- 1,2,3,5,7,11,13,17, …..
 The R e a l Number System
Real Numbers
(all numbers are real)

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

…any number that is

…-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 not rational
Natural Numbers Example:
= 3.14159……
Whole Numbers e= 2.71828…..
Integers
p
Which can be written in the form of
.
q
 INTRODUCTION
In early days when there were no means of
counting, people use to count with the help of
fingers, stones, sticks, etc.
These methods were not adequate and had many
limitations.
Many number system were introduced with the
passage of time like:
 Decimal Number System
 Binary Number System
 Octal Number System
 Hexadecimal Number System
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
 Conversion Among Bases:

• The possibilities
 Decimal Number System
• It consist of ten digit i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
8,
9 with the base 10.
• Each number can be used individually or they
can be grouped to form a numeric value as
85,48,35,456 etc.
 BINARY NUMBER
SYSTEM
• The Binary Number System consist of only two
digits– 0 and 1.
• Since this system use two digits, it has the
base 2.
• All digital computer use this number system
and convert the data input from the
decimal format into its binary equivalent.
 Why Binary?
Since the computer is made up of electronic
components; it can have only two states, either
• On(1)
• Off(0)
The data which is given to the computer is
converted into binary form because a computer
understand only binary language.
It further converts the binary results into their
decimal equivalents for output.
 Octal Number
System
 In the Octal Number System it consist of 8
digits i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 with a base 8.
 The sequence of octal number goes as 0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20,
21, 22, …..as go on.
 See each successive number after 7 is a
combination of two or more unique symbols of
octal system.
 Hexadecimal Number System
 The Hexadecimal system use base 16.
 It has 16 possible digit symbol.
 It use the digit 0 through 9 plus the letters A, B,
C, D, E, and F as the 16 digit symbols.
 Relationship between Hexadecimal, Octal,
Decimal, and Binary
Hexadeci Octal Decimal Binary  Notice that each
mal
0 0 0 0000
hexadecimal digit
1 1 1 0001
represent a
2 2 2 0010 group of four
3 3 3 0011 binary digit. It Is
4 4 4 0100 important to
5 5 5 0101 remember that
6 6 6 0110 Hex(Abbreviation
7 7 7 0111 for Hexadecimal)
8 10 8 1000 digit A through F
9 11 9 1001 are equivalent to
A 12 10 1010 the decimal value
B 13 11 1011
10 through 15.
C 14 12 1100
D 15 13 1101
E 16 14 1110
F 17 15 1111
NUMBER
CONVERSIONS
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion
The method of converting Decimal to binary is
repeated-division method. For conversion follow
the rules:
1. Divide the given decimal number with the
base 2.
2. Write down the remainder and divide the
quotient by 2.
3. Repeat step 2 till the quotient is zero.
Convert 162.375 10 to Binary Number
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion

To convert a binary number follow the steps:

1. Multiply each binary number with 2 having the
power 0 for last position, starting from the right
digit.
2. Increase the power one by one, with base as 2.
3. Sum up all the products to get decimal
number.
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion
 Decimal-to-Octal
The method of converting Decimal to Octal is
repeated-division method. For conversion follow
the rules:
1. Divide the given decimal number with the
base 8,
2. Write down the remainder and divide the
quotient by 8,
3. Repeat step 2 till the quotient is zero.
 Octal-to-Decimal Conversion

To convert a octal number follow the steps:

1. Multiply each Octal number with 8 having the
power 0 for last position, starting from the right
digit.
2. Increase the power one by one, with base as 8.
3. Sum up all the products to get decimal
number.
 Octal-to-Binary Conversion
The conversion from octal to binary is performed
by converting each octal digit to its 3-bit binary
equivalent.
The eight possible digits are converted as
indicated below:
Octal Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111
Equivalent

Using these conversions, any octal number is

converted to binary by individually converting
each digit.
Binary-to-Octal Conversion
Binary-to-Octal Conversion

Octal Digit Value Binary Equivalent

0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111
Binary-to-Octal Conversion
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
The method of converting Decimal to
Hexadecimal is repeated-division method. For
conversion follow the rules:
1. Divide the given decimal number with the
base 16.
2. Write down the remainder and divide the
quotient by 16.
3. Repeat step 2 till the quotient is zero.
16 423 Remainders

16 26 7 LSB

16 1 A

0 1 MSB
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
To convert a Hexadecimal number follow the
steps:
1. Multiply each hexadecimal number with 16
having the power 0 for last position, starting
from the right digit.
2. Increase the power one by one, with base as
16.
3. Sum up all the products to get decimal
number.
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Chart
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion
Hexadecimal-to-Binary
Conversion
Hexadecimal-to-Binary
Conversion
Hexadecimal-to-Binary
Conversion
Hexadecimal-to-Binary
Conversion
Octal to Hexadecimal Conversion
All Conversions