GRADING AND

REPORTING
SYSTEMS
 Grading is one of the many activities of a classroom teacher to
professionally judge the achievements of the students. This involves the
collection and evaluation of proofs regarding the performance or
achievement of the learners within a specified period of time.

 Grading and reporting the progress of the students are two of the most
difficult tasks of teachers because there are so many factors and decisions to
be considered. In this chapter, we shall consider the different methods of
grading, the different purposes of grading, symbols used in reporting
grades, and guidelines for effective and fair grading.
 Grading is the process of judging the quality of the performance of a
student. The reasons why teachers find grading demanding are:
• They have insufficient, formal instruction in grading.
• They have to make judgment based on incomplete
evidence.
• They have conflicting classroom roles; and
• There is no single universally accepted grading system.
 Grade is a symbol used to represent the achievement or progress of a
student.
Purposes of Grading and Reporting Systems

 Grading and reporting systems serve many purposes, but no single method
serves all the purposes well. They are used to:
• Communicate the achievement of the students.
• Provide students information to improve their self-evaluation.
• Provide incentives for students to learn.
• Select or group students for a certain educational path or
progress.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of the program.
• Inform the teacher about what students have and have not
learned; and
• Motivate and encourage good work by students (Erickson
and Strommer, 1991).
Purposes of grading and reporting systems (Linn, 2009)

 Instructional Uses
 Reports to Parents/Guardians
 Administrative and Guidance Uses
Types of Grading System
 Two most common types of grading system used at different colleges
and universities in the Philippines.

• Norm-referenced grading system

• Criterion-referenced grading system
Norm-referenced Grading System

 A student performance is evaluated relative of to the

performance of other students within the group.
 The performance of the student will depend on to the
performance of other students in the class.
 This grading system is also known as “grading on the curve.”
Advantages
 It is very easy to use.
 It works well for the courses with retention policies and it
limits only few students to advance to the next level of the
course.
 It is useful if the focus is the individual achievement of the
students. 4. It is appropriate to a large group of students,
that is, more than 40.
 It does not encourage cooperation among the students.
 The teacher easily identifies learning criteria-the percentage
of students who received highest grade or lowest grade.
Disadvantages

 The performance of a student is not only determined by his

achievement, but also the achievement of the other students.
 It promotes competition among the students rather than
cooperation. 3. It cannot be used when the class size is smaller than
40.
 Not all students can pass the given subject or course.
Criterion-referenced Grading System

 The student performance is evaluated against a certain criteria or

standard.
 The student must get a grade higher than or equal to a given
standard to pass a certain test. For example, the students must spell
90% of 50 words correctly to pass the spelling test.
 The criteria or standard is absolute in this grading system and it is
also possible that all students may receive the highest possible grade
or all of them may pass the said test, subject, or course.
 It is also possible that all students may receive a failing grade if
they will not reach the standard set by the teacher.
Advantages

 The performance of the students will not be affected by the

performance of the whole class.
 It promotes cooperation among the students.
 All students may pass the subject or course when they meet
the standard set by the teacher.
Disadvantages

 It is difficult to set a reasonable standard if it is not stated in the

grading policies of the institution.
 All students may not pass the subject or course when they do
not meet the standard set by the teacher or the institution.
Types of Reporting System

 There’s a different colleges and universities utilize different

symbols to describe and report the level of performance or
achievement of their students. These can be numbers, percentages,
letter grade equivalents, and descriptions. The succeeding table
presents an example of reporting grades for tertiary level.
Percentages Numbers Letters Descriptions
98-100 1.00 A+ Outstanding/
Excellent
95-97 1.25 A Outstanding/
Excellent
92-94 1.50 A- Very good

89-91 1.75 B+ Very good

86-88 2.00 B Good

83-85 2.25 B- Good

80-82 2.50 C+ Fair

77-79 2.75 C+ Fair

75-76 3.00 C- Passed

Below 75 5.00 D Failed

Grading System of Public Elementary and Secondary
Schools
 In case of Basic Education, the grading system being used is based on DepEd
Order Number 33, series 2004, replacing the DECS Order No. 70, series 1998.
The new grading system of DepEd is about giving grades that are mainly
based on the students’ performance. The features of the new grading system
are the following:
1. The lowest grade or the minimum performance standard
for the students in public elementary and secondary schools is set
at 75%. The lowest failing grade that may appear in the report
card is set at 65%.
2. The same standard shall apply to students in the Bridge
Program.
3. In assessing the learning outcomes, the construction of test items
consists of basic terms (factual information) 60%, moderately difficult or more
advanced questions 30%, and higher order thinking skills (items for
distinguishing honor students) 10%. Questions in each category should have
different weights. Test and non-test items should cover only materials actually
taken up in the class.
4 . Grading system by subject shall follow the guidelines in Enclosures Enclosure
2 of DepEd Order 33, series 2004.
5. Transmutation tables shall not be used in the computation of grades. Test
scorer shall be recorded as raw scores, totaled at the end of each grading period,
and then computed as percentage [(student’s score highest possible score) x
100%. This is also known as the Table of Equivalence.
6 . The final grade shall be determined by averaging the marks for the four
quarter In the case of secondary level, averaging across quarters shall be by
subject only.
7. Promotion at the secondary level shall be by subject. A student shall be
retained in the year level if he/she incurs failures of three units or more
during the regular school year and is unable to make up for the failed subjects
during the summer sessions. Retained students need to repeat only those
subjects that they failed.
Guidelines for Rating Elementary Pupils

 The guidelines for rating the performance of elementary pupils

are based on the Enclosure 1 of DepEd Order No. 33, s. 2004. The
percentage distribution of weights for elementary pupils are periodic
test (25%) and other measures of achievement (75%) as shown in the
given table below.
 Subject English Science
Area/ and and Math Maka-bayan * MAKABAYAN IV-VI
Component Filipino Health

I-VI III-IV I-VI I-III HKS EPP MUSIC ART PE

IV-VI IV-VI IV-VI IV-VI IV-VI
Periodic Test 25% 25% 25% 25% 25% 20% 25% 25% 25%

Quizzes/ Unit 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15%
Test

Class 20% 15% 20% 20% 20% 10% 10% 10% 10%
Interaction/
Participation
Homework/ 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5%
Assignment

Projects 10% 10% 15% 15% 10% 25% 10% 20% 10%

In-Formal/ 10%
Formal Themes

Experiments 15%
Other
Performance
Outputs
15% 10% 15% 15% 15% 15%

Classroom
• Musical
Activities
30%
• Art
Activities 20%
• Sports/
Dances and
Others 30%
• Cultural
Activities
• Literacy
Activities
Sample Computation for Rating in Math VI

 To compute the rating of each student in Math VI class in a grading period, get the
average of all the ratings entered in the class record under each measure of achievement,
then multiply the corresponding weight as shown in the table below.

Measures of Achievement Weight Average Weight Weighted

Average
Quizzes 15% 95 × 0.15 14.25

Class Participation 25% 93 × 0.25 23.25

Assignment 5% 88 × 0.05 4.4

Projects 15% 90 × 0.15 13.5

Problem Sets/ Activities 15% 94 × 0.15 14.1

Periodic Test 25% 95 × 0.25 25% 95 × 0.25 23.75

23.75
Total 100% 93.25%
Guidelines for Rating Secondary Students
 The guidelines for rating the performance of secondary students are based on the
Enclosure 2 of DepEd Order No. 33, s. 2004. The percentage distributions of weight
for secondary students are shown in the given table below .

Subject Filipino English Science Math AP TLE MAPEH EsP

Area
Component
Periodic Test 25% 25% 25% 15% 20% 25% 25% 25%
Quizzes - 10% 10% 15% 20% 10% 10% -
Unit Test - - - 15% - - - -
Participation/ 50% 40% 35% 30% 20% 15% 15% 40%
Performance
Output/Project 25% 25% 20% 25% 20% 25% 25% 25%
Assignment - - 10% - - - - -
Behavior - - - - - - - 10%
Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
Components of the Student’s Grade
 Periodic Test
 Quiz
 Unit Test
 Participation/Performance
 Project/Output
 Assignment
 Behavior
Methods of Computing Final Grade
 Two common methods of computing the final grade
• Averaging method
• Cumulative method
 The computation of the final grade will depend on the grading policy
of the school, or colleges and universities. In the case of public
elementary and secondary schools, averaging method is utilized as
defined in the DepEd Order No. 33, s. 2004.
Averaging method

 In this method, the weights of the grade in each grading period are
equal. The formula is:

Final grade= 𝐹𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑡 + 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 + 𝑇h𝑖𝑟𝑑+ 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑡h 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒

4
 Example: The grade of Benjamin in Mathematics IV is shown below. Find the
final grade.
First Second Third Fourth Final
Subject Grading Grading Grading Grading Grade
Grade Grade Grade Grade
Mathematics IV 89 92 94 96 92.75

Final grade=
Final grade=
Final grade= 92.75
Cumulative method
 In this method, the final grade gives a higher weight on the present
grade than the previous grade. The percentage of the present and
previous grades will depend on the policy of the school, most
especially in the private schools as defined by the manual of private
schools or as defined in their grading policies.
 Example of cumulative method is the sum of of the Third Grading
grade and of the Fourth Grading grade. The formula is:

Final grade= (TGG)+ (FGG)

 Example: The grade of Ryan Christopher in Mathematics IV is distributed in
the table below. Compute the final grade using the cumulative method.

First Second Third Fourth Final

Subject Grading Grading Grading Grading Grade
Grade Grade Grade Grade
Mathematics IV 89 92 94 96 95.33

Final grade= (94)+ (96)

Final grade= +
Final grade= 31.33+ 64
Final grade= 95. 33
Grading System for Pupils/Students Under K-12
Curriculum
 The grading system for pupils/students in the K-12 Curriculum is based on
DepEd Order Number 73, series 2012 known as the “Guidelines on the
Assessment and Rating of Learning Outcomes Under the K to 12 Basic
Education Curriculum Enclosure No. 1” This is applicable only for
pupils/students enrolled in Grade I and Grade VII, beginning in SY 2012-
2013.
 The assessment of the performance of the learners under K-12 Curriculum
shall be holistic, with emphasis on the formative or developmental purpose
of quality, performance the shall assuring student learning.
 It is also standards-based for the teacher has to make s that he will teach the
learners based on the standards given and the students have to meet or even
exceed them.
Levels of Assessment

 Knowledge level (15%)

 Process or skill level (25%)
 Understanding level (30%)
 Products/Performances level (30%)
Levels of Proficiency

 Beginning (B)
 Developing (D)
 Approaching Proficiency (AP)
 Proficient (P)
 Advanced (A)
 In order to determine the level of proficiency of the students, numerical value is
important. To get it, compute first the sum of all the results of the student’s
performance on the various levels of assessment. After which, the following
shall appear in the report card.

Numerical Value Level of Proficiency

74% and below Beginning (B)

75-79% Developing (D)

80-84% Approaching Proficiency (AP)

85-89% Proficient (P)

90% and above Advanced (A)

Averaging Method
 shall used in the computation of the final grade. It is the average of the four
quarters ratings and is expressed in terms of proficiency level.

Promotion and Retention

 shall used in the computation of the final grade. It is the average of the four
quarters ratings and is expressed in terms of proficiency level.
Guidelines for Effective and Fair Grading
Miller, Linn & Gronlund (2009) suggested the following guidelines for
effective and fair grading and this can be adopted in the Philippine educational
system, most specially in the Higher Education Institutions (HEIS).

1. Describe the grading procedures to the students at the beginning of

instruction.
2. Make clear to the students that the course grade will be based on
achievement only.
3. Explain how other elements will be reported such as efforts, work habits,
and personal-social characteristics.
4. Relate the grading procedures to the intended learning outcomes
(instruction goals and objectives).
5. Obtain valid evidence as basis for reporting grades (e.g., tests,
assessments, reports, or ratings).
6. Take precautions to prevent cheating on tests and assessments.
7. Return and review all tests and assessment results as soon as possible.
8. Properly weigh the various types of achievement included in the
grade.
9. Do not lower an achievement grade for tardiness, weak effort, or
misbehavior.
10. Be fair. Avoid bias, and when in doubt, review the pieces of evidence,
such a scores in the boarder line. If still in doubt, assign the higher grade.
Table of Equivalence
 It is utilized in the computation of percentage of the scores in each subject. Take note
that this is mandated only for elementary and secondary public schools based on
DepEd Order No. 33, 5. 2004.
 The formula in the computation for table of equivalence is:
P = x 100%
where,
TS- total score
TI- total number of items
P- percentage

If the number of items is not found in the table, use the formula to compute the
percentage. To facilitate the computation, you can utilize the excel program.
THANK YOU!