EARTHING

by:
RAIS BIN MA’AT
Institut Latihan dan Pembangunan
Infrastruktur Ikram

IKRAM EARTHING 1
 TUJUAN PEMBUMIAN
• Mengalirkan arus bocor kebumi dengan seberapa
banyak dan cepat supaya alat perlindungan, geganti
atau peranti perlindungan dapat berfungsi dengan
berkesan bagi mengelakkan berlakunya kejutan
elektrik
• Mendapatkan voltan rujukan kosong untuk star point
alatubah dan janakuasa supaya talian neutral dapat
digunakan dan voltan bekalan stabil serta
mengelakkan voltan terapong
• Mendapatkan voltan samaupaya (equipotential
voltage) supaya tidak berlaku step voltage bahan
pengalir yang terdedah (exposed conductive parts)

IKRAM EARTHING 2
 CLASIFICATION OF EARTHING
SYSTEM
• Supply authority or supply source earthing
arrangement are indicated by the first
letter:
• T – one or more points of supply are
directly connected to earth
• I – supply system not earth, or one point
earth through a fault limiting impedance

IKRAM EARTHING 3
 CLASIFICATION OF EARTHING
SYSTEM
• Relationship of exposed conductive parts
to earth are indicated by the second letter
• T – exposed conductive parts connected
directly to earth and which is independent
of the supply earth
• N – exposed conductive parts connected
directly to the earth point of the source of
the supply
IKRAM EARTHING 4
 CLASIFICATION OF EARTHING
SYSTEM
• Arrangement of neutral and protective
conductors in T-N system is indicated by a
third letter
• S – separate neutral and protective
conductors
• C – neutral and protective conductors
combined in a single conductor

IKRAM EARTHING 5
 EARTHING SYSTEM
• For normal installation practice, earthing is to
connect together the exposed conductive parts
of various items of the equipment to a common
terminal (main earthing terminal), this in turn is
connected by the earthing conductor to an earth
electrode, buried in the mass of earth
• The earth installation must be capable must of
carrying the prospective fault currents without
danger and without excessive heat. It must have
low resistance at all times with good resistance
to corrosion

IKRAM EARTHING 6
 ELECTRODE
• The most important part of the earthing system
is the electrode
• Electrode are made from a number of materials
like cast iron, steel, copper or stainless steel and
they may be in the form of plate, tubes, rods or
strips
• The most favored material is copper which has
good conductivity, is corrosion resistance to
many of the salts that exist in the soil and it is a
material that is easily worked
IKRAM EARTHING 7
 ELECTRODE

• These consist of some form of deeply

buried conductor, since the major earth
resistance lies on the top soil
• Buried copper or galvanized earth plate
have largely given place to threaded
copper-clad steel-cored rods

IKRAM EARTHING 8
 TYPES OF ELECTRODE

• Earth rods or pipes

• Earth tapes or wires
• Earth plates
• Earth electrodes embedded in foundation
• Metallic reinforcement of concrete structure
• Metal pipes
• Lead sheaths or other metallic covering of
cables

IKRAM EARTHING 9
 EARTH RESISTANCE
• The earth resistance depends on soil
resistivity and characteristic. The type of
soil suitable for earth electrode are:
• Wet marshy ground
• Clay, loam soil, arable land
• Clayey soil, loam mixed with small quantity
of sand
• Damp and wet sand

IKRAM EARTHING 10
 EARTH RESISTANCE

• Achieving a good earth will depend on

local soil condition. Three factors that
affect the soil resistivity are:
• Moisture content of the soil
• Chemical composition of the soil
• Temperature of the soil

IKRAM EARTHING 11
 EARTH RESISTANCE

• In area of high soil resistivity, it is difficult

to obtain an earth resistance say one ohm
or less. Several option are available in the
form of soil conditioning agent e.g copper
sulphate, sodium carbonate, bentonite and
marconite

IKRAM EARTHING 12
APA YANG PERLU DIBUMIKAN
• Semua peralatan elektrik yang dibuat dari
logam atau bahan yang boleh mengalirkan
elektrik, samada alatan elektrik ataupun
bukan
• Star point alatubah dan janakuasa
• Terminal bumi DB, lampu, soket 13A, dsb.
• Konduit, trunking, tray, riser, busduct, dan
apa-apa jua bahagian logam pemasangan
elektrik
IKRAM EARTHING 13
IKRAM EARTHING 14
IKRAM EARTHING 15
IKRAM EARTHING 16
IKRAM EARTHING 17
IKRAM EARTHING 18
 EARTH PLATE

IKRAM EARTHING 19
 STEP VOLTAGE

IKRAM EARTHING 20
 STEP VOLTAGE

IKRAM EARTHING 21
AVERAGE RESISTIVITY OF THE
EARTH
Type of Earth Resistivity/Ohm-meters

Wet organic soil 10

Moist soil 100

Dry soil 1000

Bed rock 10000

IKRAM EARTHING 22
 JENIS KABEL BUMI

• PVC hijau
• PVC hitam untuk star point janakuasa
• Pita tembaga (copper tape) – 3mm x
25mm

IKRAM EARTHING 23
 SAIZ KABEL BUMI
• Sama dengan saiz kabel fasa sehingga
16mm²
• 16mm² jika saiz kabel fasa diantara 16mm²
hingga 35mm²
• Separuh dari saiz kabel fasa jika saiz kabel
fasa melebehi 35mm²
• Gunakan pita tembaga 3mm x 25mm jika
saiz kabel bumi melebehi 70mm²
• CENTRAL earthing bar 50mm x 6mm

IKRAM EARTHING 24
IKRAM EARTHING 25
 CENTRAL EARTHING BAR

IKRAM EARTHING 26
 CENTRAL EARTHING BAR

IKRAM EARTHING 27
 CENTRAL EARTHING BAR

IKRAM EARTHING 28
 EARTH CHAMBER

IKRAM EARTHING 29
IKRAM EARTHING 30
IKRAM EARTHING 31
IKRAM EARTHING 32
 JENIS-JENIS ELEKTROD
BUMI
• Standard copper-jacketed steel core earth
rod 16mm diameter and 1500mm long
• G.I pipe 2 in diameter
• Wire mesh
• Building steel reinforcement
• Javelin rod (overhead line)

IKRAM EARTHING 33
 UJIAN ELEKTROD
BUMI
IKRAM EARTHING 34
 RINTANGAN ELEKTROD BUMI

Elektrod bumi pemasangan 1 ohm

Elektrod bumi penangkap kilat 10 ohms

Transformer and generating station
2 ohms
10,000 kVA and over
Small transformer stations and
10 ohms
distributing stations
Small outdoor station 15 ohms

Distribution transformer installation 25 ohms

IKRAM EARTHING 35
 JENIS SAMBUNGAN KE
ELEKTROD
• Earth clip
• Plumbed joint
• Brazing
• Bolt & nut / socketing
• Riverting
• Exothermic welding (CADWELD/FURSE
WELD)
• Cold pressure welding
IKRAM EARTHING 36
IKRAM EARTHING 37
IKRAM EARTHING 38
IKRAM EARTHING 39
IKRAM EARTHING 40
IKRAM EARTHING 41
 COPPER TAPE
PEMBUMIAN
SEMASA
PEMBINAAN

IKRAM EARTHING 42
IKRAM EARTHING 43
IKRAM EARTHING 44
 PEMBUMIAN
SUISGIAR
MENGGUNAKAN
COPPER
BRAID

IKRAM EARTHING 45
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IKRAM EARTHING 48
IKRAM EARTHING 49
 DOWN CONDUCTOR INSPECTION POINT

IKRAM EARTHING 50
 DOWN
CONDUCTOR
INSPECTION
POINT

IKRAM EARTHING 51
IKRAM EARTHING 52
IKRAM EARTHING 53
 PEMBUMIAN
PAPAN SUIS

IKRAM EARTHING 54
 PEMBUMIAN
PAPAN SUIS

IKRAM EARTHING 55
 PEMBUMIAN BILIK SUIS

IKRAM EARTHING 56
IKRAM EARTHING 57
 PEMBUMIAN
DIBAWAH
TIANG TALIAN
AERIAL

IKRAM EARTHING 58
IKRAM EARTHING 59
 PEMBUMIAN
DIPENAMATAN
KABEL

IKRAM EARTHING 60
 PEMBUMIAN
DIPENAMATAN
KABEL

IKRAM EARTHING 61
IKRAM EARTHING 62
 PEMBUMIAN
DIPENAMATAN
KABEL
DAN
STAR POINT
ALATUBAH

IKRAM EARTHING 63