CACS105 DIGITAL LOGIC

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

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 What is digital logic?
• Most modern electronic devices such as mobile
telephones and computers depend on digital
electronics. In fact, most electronics about the home
and in industry depend on digital electronics to work.
• Generally a name given to electronic circuits that use
discrete voltage levels and modeled by logic
expressions. These circuits are the building blocks of
computers and other devices.

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 Signals
• signals are used to transmit information, usually
through electric signals.
• Two types : Analog and digital.
• In both these technologies, the information,
such as any audio or video, is transformed into
electric signals.

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 Analog signal

• An Analog signal is continuous signal for which

the time varying feature of the signal is a
representation of some other time varying quantity.
• Microphones and speaker are perfect examples of
analog devices.
• Analog technology is cheaper but there is a
limitation of size of data that can be transmitted at a
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Analog Signal Contd …..

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 digital signal
• A digital signal uses discrete (discontinuous) values.
• In Digital technology Data is converted into binary
code and then reassembled back into original form at
reception point.
• Examples: Computers, CDs, DVDs.
• Digital systems use digital circuits that process digital
signals which can take on one of two values, we call: 0
and 1 (digits of the binary number system) or LOW and
HIGH or FALSE and TRUE
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Digital Signal Contd …..

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Advantages of Digital Systems Over
Analog Systems
• 1. Digital can be encrypted so that only the intended receiver can decode it.
• 2. Accuracy of results.
• 3. More reliable than analog systems due to better immunity to noise.
• 4. Ease of design: No special math skills needed to visualize the behavior of
small digital (logic) circuits.
• 5. Flexibility and functionality.
• 6. Speed: A digital logic element can produce an output in less than 10
nanoseconds (10-8 seconds).
• 7. Economy: Digital signals can be processed by digital circuit components,
which are cheap and easily produced in many components on a single chip.
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 Digital computer

• computer is an electronic device that takes binary data at input,

stores data, process it and gives the result consistently ,accurately at
very high speed according to our instruction.

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 Digital Computer Contd….
• INPUT: It is used to send data or programmes into computer. Several kinds of input units are available such as keyboard,
light pen, joystick, ,mouse etc.
• CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(CPU):
This is the main and most important part of the computer. It mainly consists of three units. They are
• A) Memory Unit .B) Control Unit (CU) C) Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU).
• A)Memory Unit:-
• The function of the memory unit is to store data or programs or information in the form of ON and OFF states.
• B)CU:-
Control Unit control the overall units either internally and externally connected to computer.
• C)ALU:-
Arithmetic and logic Unit performs all the arithmetic and logical operations.

• OUTPUT UNIT:-
• Output Unit Provides the final results produced by CPU. Examples of output units are Monitor, Printer, Plotters etc.

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Integrated Circuits (ICs)

• An Integrated circuit is an association (or connection) of various

electronic devices such as resistors, capacitors and transistors etched
(or fabricated) to a semiconductor material such as silicon or
germanium. It is also called as a chip or microchip. An IC can function
as an amplifier, rectifier, oscillator, counter, timer and memory.
Sometime ICs are connected to various other systems to perform
complex functions.
Types of ICs
ICs can be categorized into two types
Analog or Linear ICs
Digital or logic ICs

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• Analog or Linear ICs: They produce continuous output depending on the
input signal. From the name of the IC we can deduce that the output is a
linear function of the input signal. Op-amp (operational amplifier) is one of
the types of linear ICs which are used in amplifiers, timers and counters,
oscillators etc.
• Digital or Logic ICs: Unlike Analog ICs, Digital ICs never give a continuous
output signal. Instead it operates only during defined states. Digital ICs are
used mostly in microprocessor and various memory applications. Logic
gates are the building blocks of Digital ICs which operate either at 0 or 1.

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• Advantages of ICs
1. In consumer electronics, ICs have made possible the development of
many new products, including personal calculators and computers, digital
watches, and video games.
2. They have also been used to improve or lower the cost of many existing
products, such as appliances, televisions, radios, and high-fidelity
equipment.
3. The logic and arithmetic functions of a small computer can now be
performed on a single VLSI chip called a microprocessor.
4. Complete logic, arithmetic, and memory functions of a small computer
can be packaged on a single printed circuit board, or even on a single
chip.

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Levels of Integration
Integrated circuits are often classified by the number of transistors and
other electronic components they contain:
• SSI (small-scale integration): Up to 100 electronic components per chip
• MSI (medium-scale integration): From 100 to 3,000 electronic components
per chip
• LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components
per chip
• VLSI (very large-scale integration): From 100,000 to 1,000,000 electronic
components per chip
• ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic
components per chip

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Digital Integrated Circuits ( IC digital Logic Family)

• Digital logic families

Digital logic family refers to the specific circuit technology to which digital
integrated circuits belong. Family has its own basic electronic circuit upon
which more complex digital circuits and components are developed. The
basic circuit in each technology is a NAND, NOR, or an inverter gate. Different
logic families have been introduced commercially. Some of most popular are:
• TTL (transistor-transistor logic): The TTL family evolved from a previous
technology that used diodes and transistors for the basic NAND gate. This
technology was called DTL for diode transistor logic. Later the diodes were
replaced by transistors to improve the circuit operation and the name of the
logic family was changed to TTL.

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• ECL (emitter-coupled logic): Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) circuits provide the
highest speed among the integrated digital logic families. ECL is used in systems
such as supercomputers and signal processors, where high speed is essential.
The transistors in ECL gates operate in a non saturated state, a condition that
allows the achievement of propagation delays of 1 to 2 nanoseconds.
• MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor): The metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) is a
unipolar transistor that depends upon the flow of only one type of carrier,
which may be electrons (n-channel) or holes (p-channel), this is in contrast to
the bipolar transistor used in TTL and ECL gates, where both carriers exist
during normal operation. A p-channel MOS is referred to as PMOS and an n-
channel as NMOS. NMOS is the one that is commonly used in circuits with only
one type of MOS transistor.

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• CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor): Complementary MOS (CMOS) technology
uses one PMOS and one NMOS transistor connected in a complementary fashion in all circuits.
The most important advantages of MOS over bipolar transistors are the high packing density of
circuits, a simpler processing technique during fabrication, and a more economical operation
because of the low power consumption.
• IIL (Integrated Injection Logic): Integrated injection logic (IIL, I2L, or I2L) is a class of digital circuit
technology built with multiple collector bipolar junction transistors (BJT). When introduced it had
speed comparable to TTL yet was almost as low power as CMOS, making it ideal for use in VLSI
(and larger) integrated circuits. Although the logic voltage levels are very close (High: 0.7V, Low:
0.2V), I2L has high noise immunity because it operates by current instead of voltage. Sometimes
also known as Merged Transistor Logic.
• Currently, silicon-based Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology
dominates due to its high circuit density, high performance, and low power consumption.
Alternative technologies based on Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) and Silicon Germanium (SiGe) are
used selectively for very high speed circuits.

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