Good

morni

L e a rn e r s , ng!
Learner

Ap p r o a c h e Engli Student
sh
s, a n d 307
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 Content of Discussion
Learner Autonomy

Learning Strategies

Learning Styles
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The Impact of Technology

 01 Learner
- suggests a different role for learners.

Autonomy
Autonomous learning is said to make learning more

personal and focused and, consequently, to achieve

better learning outcomes since learning is based on
learners’ needs and preferences
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(Victori and Lockhart 1995)

 Benson (2001)
Learners autonomy

means involving learners in decisions

concerning setting objectives for learning,
determining ways and means of learning,
and reflecting on and evaluating what they
have learned
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 Offering
Active
5 involvement in
student
Providing
options and
choices and
decision-

Princi learning
resources making
opportunities

ples
for Supporting
Encouraging
reflection
learners
Achie
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 Benson 2001

ving
 Teacher Students are… Students are…
less of an
Encouraged to
Classes instructor and
discouraged
from relying on learn for
that more of a
facilitator
the teacher themselves

encourage
autonomo Students are … Students are … Students are …

us encouraged to
aware of their encouraged to
own learning develop their
learning make decisions
styles own learning
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entails the strategies

following:
 Council of Europe has developed the European Language
Portfolio project (ELP) (Little 2002) which aims to provide a
practical application of the notion of learner autonomy

Language passport. Language biography Dossier.

opportunity for the documents different
means for the
learner to describe forms of evidence of
learner to how his proficiency in
and reflect on his
summarize his the language is
language learning
linguistic identity experience developing
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 Other applications
of learner autonomy
in language
teaching (Reinders
2009) include the
following:
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 After consultation and assessment, the
teacher may help the learner develop a
profile of his strengths and weaknesses
and suggest independent learning
approaches to address the weaknesses
identified
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...Needs Analysis.
 short courses of training activities
that seek to introduce strategies
for independent learning
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...Learner training.
 learners to develop skills needed
to monitor their own learning
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... Self-monitoring.
 regular meetings between teachers
and learners to help learners plan
for their own learning
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... Learning-counseling.
 institution may provide links to
online or print resources that
foster autonomous learning
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...Learning resources.
 …a facility available online or in a
dedicated center where a variety of
self-directed learning resources are
available
…a staff support is often provided to
facilitate the choice and use of learning
resources
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...Self-access centers.
 Successful implementation …involves
provision of ongoing support and
encouragement.

…involve student-directed group

discussion sessions as well as
opportunities for reflective review
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...Follow-up support.
 …of commercial language-
learning packages presently
intended entirely for self-study

…exclusively learner-centered and

teacher-free
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... Self-study.
 Although implementing [an approach to learner autonomy]
… will not guarantee students develop autonomy, the
activities do involve a shift of focus from you onto the
learners. Knowing that they are valued as individuals and
are supported in their learning will mean that students are
more likely to develop this mind set, and knowing this,
teachers are more likely to consider the importance of
student ownership of the learning process.
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― Reinders (2009:53)
 Points
to
The concept of learner
autonomy suggests that reme
teacher using a particular approach or method
should review their use of the method to mber!
determine if it can be used in conjunction with
activities that develop autonomous learning or
whether it limits the learner’s capacity to
manage and direct their own learning.
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 02 Learning
Language learning strategies can be
Strategies
defined as thoughts and actions,
consciously selected by learner, to assist
them in learning and using language in
general, and in completion of specific
language tasks.
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(Cohen 2011)
 02 Learning
learning strategies have a broader role in
Strategies
language learning and suggest an active role
for learners in managing their own learning
– one that may be used in conjunction with,
or independently of, the method or
approach the teacher is using
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(Cohen 2011)
 02 Learning
Strategies
The notion of learning strategies is
sometimes viewed as an aspect of learner
autonomy; however, it has had an
independent history in language
teaching since the 1980s and can be
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conveniently reviewed in its own terms.